Urban Challenge
19A (614-629)
The student will understand the problems
associated with the growth of cities and some
of the solutions for correcting their problems.
AL COS 10th grade 34
I. Urban organizations
A. Dumbbell tenements—designed to relieve
the lack of light and provide fresh air.
B. Immigrant groups: help new immigrants
through churches, newspapers, schools,
self-help organizations
C. Slums/ghettos: for the poor and the
restricted
GHETTOS: area in which one ethnic or
racial group dominates which would lead
to cities being divided between rich and
poor areas.
Urban living conditions: slum residents
threatened by fire, crime, and vice; ghettos
were common; overcrowding and poor
sanitation bred disease.
New York tenement
A "Slide" in Hamilton Street, c.1890Five Cents A Spot, c. 1890
Jacob A. Riis
Jacob A. Riis
"A dozen years ago [l890], I gave a It was photographed by flashlight. In
stockbroker a good blowing up for a room not thirteen feet either way
hammering hiscellar door full of slept twelve men and women. The
envious nails to prevent the children'apartment' was for lodgers, who slept
there for five cents a spot."
using it as a slide.
Necktie Workshop in a Division Street
Tenement, c. 1890
Jacob A. Riis
The bulk of the sweater's work is done
in the tenements, which the law that
regulates factory labor does not reach.
In it the child works unchallenged from
the day he is old enough to pull a
thread."
Shoemaker Working in House in
yard of 219 Broome Street,
c.1890
Jacob A. Riis
“This shoemaker has his 'flat' as
well as his shop here. A curtain
hung back of his stool in the
narrow passage half-conceals his
bed."
Jacob Riis, How The Other Half Lives
photographs and stories about the wretched conditions in the city slums.
m/framesets/themes/tenements/fs
_1901.htm
Tenement house slide show http://www.livingcityarchive.org/htm/fram
The Living City web site: http://156.145.78.54/htm/home.htm
http://www.tenement.org/virtual_Tour/vt_confino.html
D. Gangs: immigrant gangs of same (see notes)
nationalities or neighborhoods (Bowery
Boys) GANGS OF NEW YORK clip
E. Police:
1. Besides preventing crime, were also
responsible for street cleaning and other
tasks.
2. However, because of low wages, political
patronage, and sympathy toward local
social customs, they often profited from vice
and became the center of city reform
movements to improve their professionalism
and remove patronage
G.“Goo-goos”—good government reformers
trying to instill middle class values and
Americanize immigrants by creating
organizations to help.
1. YMCA: for the rural young people moving
to the city
2. Salvation Army: organized under
pseudo-military lines, and attracted the
urban poor through soup kitchens and
street meetings The first rooms (on the fourth
to instill middle-class floor) of the Boston YMCA, the
first YMCA in the United States,
values in the poor
circa 1850s
William Booth
“While women weep, as they do now, I'll fight;
while little children go hungry, as they do now,
I'll fight; while men go to prison, in and out, in
and out, as they do now, I'll fight; while there is
a drunkard left, while there is a poor lost girl
upon the streets, while there remains one dark
soul without the light of God, I'll fight-I'll fight
to the very end!” William Booth 09 May 1912
New York Children’s Aid Society: Established
dormitories, reading rooms and workshops for
learning practical skills. Often encouraged boys
to go west.
Charity Organization Society: Believed that
poverty could be blamed on individual moral
failure and thus distinguished between deserving
and undeserving poor.
3. Thomas Nast “Let Us Prey”—cartoonist
who helped bring down Boss Tweed
Thomas Nast’s cartoon, “A Group
of Vultures Waiting for the
Storm to Blow Over—Let Us
Prey,” from 1871
F. Political machines: run by a boss of an
unofficial organization with the purpose of
keeping a particular group in power. They
did this by getting votes in return or
patronage,
contracts, jobs, and helping the needy and
those in trouble. For example, “Big” Jim
Pendergrast ran Kansas City.
Thomas Nast
1871
"What are you laughing at? To the victor belong the spoils."
POLITICAL MACHINES: unofficial and
corrupt city organization designed to keep
a particular group in control. The most
famous was Tammany Hall (New York)
and the leader Boss Tweed.
Gained power through immigrants who
would be helped for their votes.
Immigrant support: came because political
machines proved them with jobs and other
favors.
Tammany Hall 1860s
“Boss” Tweed
At a time when the average workman made a dollar a
day, contractors had charged the city $400,000 for
safes, $175,000 for carpets, and $7,500 for
thermometers, $179,729.60 for three tables and 40
chairs, $41,190.95 for brooms, and $2,870,464.06 for
plastering (the building, however, was made of iron
and marble).
Altogether, the courthouse had cost over $13 million - or more than twice what the United State had paid
for Alaska four years earlier!
4 Anthony Comstock-moral crusader against
gambling, prostitution and porn
5. Social Gospel movement: Protestant who did
not focus on the sins of the poor but on the
responsibilities of the upper and middle class
6.Institutional Church League—(William S.
Rainford) wealthy responsible for eliminating
poverty by prosecuting slumlords and
sweatshop
owners
7. Walter Rauschenbusch believed in applying
the teachings of Christ to society itself.
7. Settlement houses: (Jane Addams) insisted
that charity workers live in the slum
neighborhood
SOME HULL-HOUSE FIRSTS
First Social Settlement in Chicago
First Social Settlement with men and women residents
Established first public baths in Chicago
Established first public playground in Chicago
Established first gymnasium for the public in Chicago
Established first little theater in the United States
Established first citizenship preparation classes
Established first public kitchen in Chicago
Established first college extension courses in Chicago
Established first group work school
Established first painting loan program in Chicago
Established first free art exhibits in Chicago
Established first fresh air school in Chicago
Established first public swimming pool in Chicago
Established first boy scout troop in Chicago
Investigations for the first time in Chicago of:
truancy
sanitation
typhoid fever
tuberculosis
distribution of cocaine
midwifery
children's reading
infant mortality
newsboys
social value of the saloon
Investigations that led to creation and enactment of
first factory laws in Illinois. Investigations that led
to creation of the first model tenement code, First
Illinois Factory Inspector, a Hull-House resident,
Florence Kelley
First probation officer in Chicago, a Hull-House
resident, Alzina Stevens
Labor unions organized at Hull-House:
Women Shirt Makers
Women Cloak Makers
Dorcas Federal Labor Union
Chicago Woman's Trade Union League
Jane Addams in the 1890s
Hull House Mansion--1856
Hull House in the 1890s
Hull House Nursery
II.Urban Planning—purpose reshape urbanites
by changing their surroundings; add beauty
and art to civilize citizens
A. Richard Morris Hunt advocated uniform
building codes and formal design for urban
landscapes, proposed awe-inspiring urban
architecture to encourage good
citizenship, and placed classical statues
and formal gates in city parks
New York 1800:
State
California
District Of Columbia
Georgia
Illinois
Massachusetts
New York
North Carolina
Quebec, Canada
City
Palo Alto
Washington
Atlanta
Chicago
Park
Stanford University
US Capitol
Planned Community
Colombian Exposition
Riverside Planned Community
Beverly
Moraine Farm
Boston
Fenway
Jamaica
Arnold Arboretum
Muddy River
Franklin Park
Brooklyn
Prospect Park
Buffalo
Park System
New York City
Central Park
Niagara Falls
State Reservation
Asheville
The Biltmore Estate
Montreal
Mount Royal Park
B. Central Park and Boston’s Back Bay:
Frederick Law Olmsted served as the chief architect
of Central Park from 1858-1861. The design of the
park had many aspects that would become trademarks
of Olmsted's designs. There were winding paths,
scenic views and large open areas for people to relax
in.For the Back Bay or “Fens” Olmsted’s challenge
was to restore the spot of marsh which was preserved
into an ecologically healthy place that could also be
enjoyed as a recreation area.
Central Park Homepage.
Back Bay Fens
C. Chicago city raising and fire
Was it Mrs. O'Leary’s cow or was Daniel
"Peg Leg" Sullivan the Real Culprit?
You investigate!
D. Skyscraper
1. Louis Sullivan
2. Technology: internal metal frame,
fireproofing, and elevator
3. 1st one built in Chicago
E. Water and sewage: lack of control for
clean water and proper disposal of sewage
was the most dangerous part of city living
F. Consolidation and annexation of suburbs and
municipalities was the trend, especially in
NY where Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island,
and the Bronx joined Manhattan (1898) in
order to decrease inner city immigrant power,
make govt. more efficient (economy of scale),
push water and sewage outward (good for
land speculators and middle class)
Urban Challenge
19A (614-629)
The student will understand the problems
associated with the growth of cities and some
of the solutions for correcting their problems.
AL COS 10th grade 34