1
Revised 11-09-2014
DETAILED R E S U M E
ASHFAQUE HASAN KHAN
(Sitara-e-Imtiaz)
Office Address & Phone
....
Principal & Dean
School of Social Sciences & Humanities
National University of Sciences
& Technology (NUST)
Kashmir Highway Sector: H-12
...
Islamabad
Telephone:
Mobile:
E-mail:
Date of Birth
January 1, 1953
Home Address & Phone:
National University of Sciences
& Technology (NUST)
(NUST), Villa No. 7, Kashmir
Highway, Sector: H-12
Islamabad
(9251) 90853500 (Off)
(9251) 90853501 (Off)
(9251) 91853000 (Res)
+923005000076
+923075558698
ahkhan@nbs.edu.pk
ahkhan@s3h.nust.edu.pk
Marital Status
Married
No. of Dependents
Four
Citizenship
Pakistan
QUALIFICATIONS:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
University
The Johns Hopkins University
University of Pennsylvania
McMaster University (Canada)
University of Karachi
(Pakistan)
Major
Economics
Economics
Economics
Economics
Degree & Dates
Ph.D. 9/1987
M.A. 12/1984
M.A. 9/1978
M.A. 4/1976
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I.
REFERENCES:
i.
Professor Lawrence R. Klein
(Nobel Laureate)
Department of Economics
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA. 19104.
U.S.A
ii.
Professor Carl Christ
Department of Economics
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore,
Maryland 21218
U.S.A.
iii.
Professor Louis J. Maccini
Department of Economics
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland 21218.
U.S.A.
II. EMPLOYMENT RECORD
CURRENT POSITION
Principal & Dean
School of Social Sciences & Humanities (S3H)
National University of Sciences
& Technology, Islamabad
Responsibilities:
 Teaching various courses in Economics
 Academic Head of the S3H
 Administrative Head of the S3H
III.
ADDITIONAL POSITION HELD/HOLDING
a) Member Expert Group, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for
Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), Bangkok, Thailand
b) Director and Vice Chairman of Saudi Pak Industrial and Agricultural
Investment Company Ltd. (A joint venture of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan)
c) Director, United Bank of Pakistan Limited (Representing government’s shares
in the Bank).
IV.
PREVIOUS APPOINTMENTS:
Special Secretary Finance /Director General
(Debt Office) and Economic Adviser
Ministry of Finance
Government of Pakistan
Islamabad
(from March 1998 to February 2009)
Responsibilities:
i.
Member of the Pakistani Team in Article-IV Consultation with the IMF.
ii.
Managed the country’s external and domestic debt.
3
ii.
iii.
iii.
Prepared the pre-payment strategy of expensive external debt.
iv.
Prepared the country’s Debt Reduction Strategy.
v.
To keep close watch on the economy and advise the Finance Minister and the
Ministry of Finance to take corrective measures.
vi.
Actively involved in the floatation of Sovereign Bonds including the Islamic
bond (Sukuk); Global Depository Receipts (GDRs), Exchangeable Bonds
etc. in international debt and equity markets.
vii.
To prepare the annual State of the Economy Report; Pakistan Economic Survey
viii.
Prepared monthly economic update for the country’s Chief Executive, Minister
of Finance, Secretary General, and Finance Secretary.
ix.
Worked on special nature assignments given by the President, Prime Minister
and Finance Minister.
x.
As member of the core group of Pakistani team, negotiated with the IMF, the
World Bank and the other International Financial Institutions for various
program to secure financial assistance
xi.
Prepared the Country’s Medium Term Macro-economic Framework.
xii.
Involved in the preparation of the Poverty Reductive Strategy Paper (PRSP) to
negotiate with the IMF for a medium-term program.
xiii.
Prepared briefs on the current economic situation for international organizations.
xiv.
Represented Ministry of Finance on various committees and Economic Groups.
xv.
Served on several Committees on economic matters.
xvi.
Served as Secretariat for various councils and committees.
xvii.
Served as Secretariat for the implementation of the Fiscal Responsibility and
Debt Limitation Law.
xviii.
Served as spokesperson for the Government of Pakistan on economic issues.
Joint Director
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics,
Islamabad, Pakistan.
(from July 22, 1997 March 31, 1998)
Responsibilities:
This is the number two position in the country’s premier
research
institution.
Responsibilities
included
conducting independent research; supervise the work of
senior staff members in the economics division, and to
prepare the research agenda of the Institute.
Chief of Research
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics,
Islamabad, Pakistan.
(from May 2, 1990 to July 21, 1997)
4
iv.
v.
Responsibilities:
Conduct independent research and supervise/guide the
work of junior staff members.
Senior Research Economist
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics,
Islamabad, Pakistan.
(from July 1988 to May 1, 1990)
Responsibilities:
Conduct independent research and provide guidance to
the junior staff members.
Research Economist
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics,
Islamabad, Pakistan.
(From Feb. 1979 to July 1988).
Responsibilities:
Conduct independent research and assist the senior staff
members in their work.
vi.
Applied Economic Research Centre,
University of Karachi, Pakistan.
(From April 1976 to August 1977).
Research Assistant
Responsibilities:
Collect data, review literature and provide computing
assistance to senior staff members.
V. TEACHING EXPERIENCE:
i.
Visiting Lecturer
Department of Economics,
Towson State University, Towson, MD.21204.
Taught Macroeconomic Principles,
(1986-87 academic year and Summer 1987)
ii.
Visiting Lecturer
Department of Economics,
International Islamic University, Islamabad.
Taught Econometric Theory during Summer 1989
and Spring 1990.
iii. Visiting Lecturer
Department of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University,
Islamabad.
Taught the following courses
Topics in Advance Macro-economics (E-610) to
M.Phil Class during Fall 1992.
Applied Econometrics (E-652) to M.Phil Class
during Fall 1993.
Monetary Theory (E-411) to M.A. Class during
Spring 1997.
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iv. Teaching at the PIDE
Taught Econometrics to the junior staff members
of the Pakistan Institute of Development
Economics since October 1987 until March 1998.
iv.
Kiel Institute of World Economics,
Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany from
August 6, 1990 to September 13, 1990
Visiting Fellow
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANCY:
i.
Consultant to the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP) for completing
the project entitled "A Diagnostic Study of the Role of Services Sector in the Economy of
Pakistan". June-December 1989.
ii.
Consultant to the Secretary General, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) for
the preparation of the Draft Regional Study on Trade, Manufactures and Services. January-June, 1991.
iii. Consultant to the Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines to review the Poverty Reduction
Aspects of the Bank-Financed Karachi Urban Development Project and the Second Farm-to-Market
Road Project, December 1994 to March 1995.
iv. Consultant to the Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines to complete the study on Emerging
Trading Environment: Economic Implications for Pakistan, July 1995 to August 1996.
v.
Consultant to the Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines to conduct Research on the
Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan, August 20- October 20, 1996.
vi. Consultant to the Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines to conduct Research on the Asian
Exports: Past Trends and Future Prospects, October 1, 1997 - March 31, 1998.
vii. Consultant to the World Bank, Washington, D.C. to conduct a study on the Household Savings in
Pakistan, February-April, 1998.
VII.
i.
HONOURS
Conferred Sitara-i-Imtiaz for outstanding contribution in the field of economics and public policy
by the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 2005.
ii. Conferred ECO Excellence Award 2010 in the field of Economics by the Economic Cooperation
Organization, Tehran in December 2010
VIII. ACADEMIC HONOURS:
i.
Co-Editor, Pakistan Development Review, An International Journal of Development Economics,
until March 31, 1998.
ii.
Corresponding Editor, Journal of Asian Economics for a period of four years (1996-2000).
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iii.
Associate Editor, PIDE Tidings.
iv.
Member, Editorial Board of the Journal of Institute of Bankers in Pakistan
v.
Joint Secretary, Pakistan Society of Development Economists (PSDE), 1988-90.
vi.
Secretary, Pakistan Society of Development Economists (PSDE), 1997-1999.
vii.
Awarded the first prize by the National Book Council of Pakistan for Publishing in international
journals of economic articles of worth in 1989.
viii.
Awarded the second prize by the National Book Council of Pakistan for publishing in
international journals of economic articles of worth in 1990.
ix.
Awarded the second prize by the National Book Council of Pakistan for publishing in
international journals of economic articles of worth in 1997.
x.
Awarded Senior Research Scholarship by Friedrich Ebert Stiftung to conduct research at the
Kiel Institute of World Economics, Federal Republic of Germany for the period August 6, 1990
to September 13, 1990.
xi.
Won the Banking Essay Competition 1994 Award, organized by the Institute of Bankers in
Pakistan.
xii.
Attended Salzburg Seminar, "Session 324: The Rise of Industrial East Asia: Lessons for
Developing World", Salzburg, Austria, April 13-20, 1996
xiii.
External Examiner of Ph.D dissertation submitted to the University of Karachi, Pakistan
Madurai Kamaraj University, Tamil Nadu State, India, and Macquarie University, New South
Wales, Australia in the field of Economics.
IX.
MEMBER OF VARIOUS COMMITTEES/FORUMS
i.
Member, Board of Trustee of the International Islamic University, Islamabad
ii.
Member, Economic Advisory Council, Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Finance, since Feb
2014.
iii.
Member, Board of Governor, Foundation University , Islamabad, since 2013
iv.
HEC Representative, on the Selection Committee of the National Defence University, Islamabad
v.
Member, Advisory Committee, Federal Tax Ombudsman, Government of Pakistan
vi.
HEC Representative, on the Selection Committee of PIDE, Islamabad for the period of Two
years since April 24, 2012
vii.
Member of the United Nations Expert Group to review the performance of the Asia-Pacific
economies at the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP)
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viii.
Member, Economic Advisory Committee of the Prime Minister, Ministry of Finance, Islamabad
March 2010 to March 2012.
ix.
Member, National Economic Council, Government of Pakistan, the highest economic policymaking body, headed by the country’s Chief Executive, since April 1998 to February 2009.
x.
Member, Executive Committee of the National Economic Council, Government of Pakistan
headed by the Finance Minister since April 1998 to February 2009.
xi.
Member, Economic Coordination Committee of the Cabinet, Government of Pakistan since
April 1998 to February 2009 (This committee takes decisions on various policy matters weakly
and is headed by the Finance Minister).
xii.
Member, Kitchen Item Committee headed by the Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission since
April 1998 to February 2009 [This Committee monitors the prices of kitchen items on weekly
basis].
xiii.
Member/Secretary of the high level Debt Management Committee, formed by the Government
of Pakistan, in December 1999 to determine the causes of rapid growth in debt and suggest
measures to reduce debt burden.
xiv.
Member/Secretary of the Task Force for Transformation of the Government Finances to
Sharia’h Compliant, formed by the Government of Pakistan in April 2000.
xv.
Member, Macroeconomic Framework Sub-Group of the Economic Advisory Board formed by
the Government of Pakistan, since November 1999.
xvi.
Member/Secretary, of the Committee for Monitoring Important Fiscal & Other Economic
Indicators of the Economy, Government of Pakistan, since April 1998.
xvii.
Member, Permanent Restructuring Committee on Public Sector Enterprises, Government of
Pakistan since January, 1999.
xviii.
Honorary Advisor, SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Karachi since 1997.
xix.
Member, Panel of Economists for the Preparation of the 9th Five Year Plan formed by the
Government of Pakistan, April 1997.
xx.
Member, Working Group on Modeling for the 9th Five Year Plan (1998-2003) formed by the
Government of Pakistan, April 1997.
xxi.
Member, Working Group on Plan Size for the 9th Five Year Plan (1998-2003) formed by the
Government of Pakistan, October 1997.
xxii.
Member, Technical Committee on National Accounts formed by Minister of Finance, Economic
Affairs and Statistics, July 01, 1997, Government of Pakistan.
Secretary, Advisory Council of the Finance Division, Ministry of Finance, Government of
Pakistan since April 1998.
xxiii.
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xxiv.
Member, SAARC Expert Group on Conducting Tripartite Study formed by the Secretary
General of the SAARC, March 1996.
xxv.
Member, Task Force on Tariff Reforms formed by the Government of Pakistan, November
1996.
xxvi.
Co-opted member of the Committee of Economists on the Causes of Inflation and Measures to
Control it, formed by the Economic Coordination Committee (ECC) of the Cabinet, April 1996.
xxvii.
Member, Task Force on Markup Rate formed by the Governor, State Bank of Pakistan in
September, 1993.
xxviii.
Member, National Accounts Committee, Government of Pakistan since 1993.
xxix.
Secretary/Member, Sub-Committee on "The Macroeconomic Framework for the 8th Five-Year
Plan" constituted by the Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan in October 1992.
xxx.
Member, National Committee on SAARC Study on Trade, Manufactures and Services
Constituted by the Minister for Planning and Development, Government of Pakistan. August,
1991.
xxxi.
Member, Executive Committee of the Society for International Development (SID), Islamabad
Chapter.
xxxii.
Member, Executive Committee of the Coalition for Action on South Asian Cooperation
(CASAC), Pakistan Chapter.
xxxiii.
Life Member, Sir Syed Memorial Society, Pakistan.
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FIELDS OF SPECIALISATION
Macro/Monetary Economics
International Economics
Macro-econometric Model Building
Public Finance
General Area of Development Economics
Regional Cooperation
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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Ashfaque H. Khan
BOOKS
1. Pakistan’s Economic Turnaround: Lessons for Africa, in Globalization and Economic
Success: Policy Lessons for Developing Countries, Chapter 17, Edited by Barry Desker,
Jeffery Herbst, Greg Mills and Michael Spicer, the Brenthrust Foundation, Johannesburg,
South Africa, May 2008
2. ‘Pakistan and Emerging Trading Environment: Challenges and Opportunities”, Vanguard,
Lahore, 2000 ( with Zafar Mahmood).
3. Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan: Policy Issues and Operational Implications, Asian
Development Bank, Manila, July 1999 [With Yun-Hwan Kim].
4. Household Savings in Pakistan, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. July 1999 [With Zafar
Moeen Nasir].
5. Inflation in Pakistan: Causes and Remedies, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics
(Islamabad), November 1994 (with Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, Ather Maqsood Ahmed and
Rehana Siddiqui).
6. Complementarities, Comparative Advantages, and Benefits and Costs of Regional
Cooperation in Land Transport and Communication, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Pakistan
Office (Islamabad), December 1993. (With Annice Mahmood)
7. The Macroeconomic Framework for the 8th Five-Year Plan, Pakistan Institute of
Development Economics (Islamabad), January 1993 (with Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi and
Ather Maqsood Ahmed)
8. Inflation and Growth: An Analysis of Recent Trends in Pakistan, Pakistan Institute of
Development Economics, (Islamabad, 1989. (With Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi).
9. Recent Inflationary Upsurge in Pakistan: Causes and Cures, Pakistan Institute of
Development Economics (Islamabad), May 1989 (With Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi).
10. The P.I.D.E. Macro-Econometric Model of Pakistan's Economy, Pakistan Institute of
Development Economics (Islamabad), 1983, (With Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, Nasir M.
Khilji and Ather M. Ahmed.
PH.D THESIS
A Macroeconometric Study of the Growth Prospects of Pakistan's Economy. Written under
the supervision of (i) Professor Lawrence R. Klein (Nobel Laureate) (ii) Professor (Late)
Bela Balassa and (iii) Professor Carl Christ.
11
ARTICLES
1.
“Consumption Patterns of Male and Female Headed Households in Pakistan: Evidence from
PSLM 2007-08”, The Pakistan Development Review, vol. 51, No. 4, Winter 2012 (with
Umer Khalid)
2.
“Is Consumption Pattern Homogeneous in Pakistan? Evidence from PSLM 2007-08”. The
Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 50, No. 4, Winter 2011 (with Umer Khalid)
3.
“Household Consumption Patterns in Pakistan: Evidence from Household Data” NUST
Journal of Business and Economics, Vol. 3, No.1, 2010 (with Umer Khalid).
4.
"Money, Income, Prices, and Causality: The Pakistani Experience" Journal of Developing
Areas, Spring 1999 (with Kaiser Bengali and Mahpara Sadaqat].
5.
"Financial Liberalization, Savings and Economic Development in Pakistan". Economic
Development and Cultural Change, (Vol.46, No.3,April 1998) (with Lubna Hasan).
6.
“The Experience of Trade Liberalization in Pakistan”, Pakistan Development Review,
Vol.37, No. 4, Part.II, Winter 1998.
7.
“Trade and Regional Economic Cooperation.” Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics,
Vol. 14, Nos 1&2, 1998.
8.
“Stylized Facts of Household Savings: Findings from the HIES 1993-94,” Pakistan
Development Review, Vol.37, No. 4, Part.II, Winter 1998.
9.
“Comments on Mohsin S. Khan on Capital Flows to Developing Countries: Blessing or
Curse?” Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 37, No. 4, Part I, Winter 1998.
10.
"Pakistan Budgetary Imbalance: Full Bags, Empty Purses" Pakistan Banker, Vol 7, JulyDecember, 1997.
11.
"Exports and Employment: A Case Study" Economia Internazionale, Vol.L, No.2, May 1997
(with Sabiha Khanum).
12.
"The Demand for Money in Pakistan: An Application of Cointegration and Error-Correction
Modeling". Savings and Development, Vol.21, No.1, 1997 (with Syed Sajid Ali).
13.
"Government Expenditure and Private Consumption in Pakistan". Journal of Public
Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management Vol.9, No.3, Fall 1997. (with Afia Malik).
14.
“The New Regionalism in the Post-Uruguay Round: Options for Pakistan". National
Development and Security, Vol.VI, No.1, August 1997.
15.
"Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan: Policies and Trends", Pakistan Development Review,
Vol.36, No.4, Part II, Winter 1997.
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16.
"Public Finance, Fiscal Policy and the Analysis of National Budget of Pakistan" National
Development and Security Vol.IV, No.3, February 1996.
17.
"Emerging Global Trading Environment: Challenges for Pakistan" Asian Development
Review, Vol.14, No.2, 1996 (with Zafar Mahmood).
18.
"Trade Strategies to the Post-Uruguay Round Trading Environment: A Case of Pakistan", In
UNCTAD study on Adoptation of Trade Strategies to the Post-Uruguay Round Trading
Environment. United Nations, New York 1996.
19.
"Inflation in Pakistan Revisited". Pakistan Development Review. Vol.35, No.4, Part II,
Winter 1996 (with Mohammed Ali Qasim)
20.
"Financial Sector Reform and its Impact Investment and Economic Growth: An Econometric
Approach". Pakistan Development Review, Vol.35, No.4, Part II, Winter 1996 (With M.
Aynul Hasan and S. Sajid Ali).
21.
"Need and Scope for Further Reforms in the Financial Sector in Pakistan". Journal of
Institute of Bankers in Pakistan, Vol.61, No.2, June 1995
22.
"Incidence of Unemployment and Poverty", in Sabur Ghayur (ed.) South Asia Employment
Generation and Poverty Alleviation, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Islamabad, May 1995.
23.
"Exports, Growth and Causality: An Application of Cointegration and Error-Correction
Modeling". Pakistan Development Review, Vol.34, No.4, Winter 1995 (with Afia Malik and
Lubna Hasan).
24.
"What Explains Current High Rate of Inflation in Pakistan?" Pakistan Development Review,
Vol.34, No.4, Winter 1995 (with M. Aynul Hasan, Hafiz A. Pasha and Ajaz Rashid).
25.
"Financial Sector Reforms: What are the Issues?" in the State Bank of Pakistan (ed.) The
20th SEANZA Central Banking Course, Karachi: State Bank of Pakistan, 1995.
26.
"Financial Sector Reforms and Monetary Policy in Developing Countries: A Case of
Pakistan" in Peter Pauly (ed.) Proceedings of the Fall 1994 Project LINK Meeting. World
Scientific Publishing, London, 1995 (with Syed Sajid Ali).
27.
"Export Sector Development in Pakistan: Past Experience and Current Prospects". In
UNCTAD study on Expansion of Trading Opportunities to the Year 2000 for Asia-Pacific
Developing Countries. United Nations, New York 1995.
28.
"Determinants of National Saving Rate in Pakistan". Economia Internazionale. Vol.XLVII,
No.4, November 1994 (with Lubna Hasan and Afia Malik).
29.
"Land Transport and Communication Linkages in SAARC Countries" in Heinz Bongartz,
Klaus Klennert and Reinhold Plate (eds.) Perspectives on South Asian Cooperation.
Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Pakistan Office, Islamabad, 1994.
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30.
"Impact of Devaluation on Pakistan's External Trade: An Econometric Approach". Pakistan
Development Review, Vol.33, No.4, Winter 1994. (with M. Aynul Hasan)
31.
"Financial Liberalisation and the Demand for Money in Pakistan" Pakistan Development
Review, Vol.33, No.4, Winter 1994.
32.
"Financial Liberalization and the Demand for Money in Pakistan: An Application of
Johansen's Cointegration Methodology". Submitted for Publication in the International
Economic Journal, May 1994 (with Syed Sajid Ali).
33.
"Experience of Economic Cooperation within SAARC Countries", in Wolfgang Heinz (ed.)
The European Community and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.
Friedrich Nauman Stiftung, Brussel, December 1993.
34.
"Exports and Economic Growth: The Pakistan Experience" International Economic Journal,
Vol.7, No.3, Autumn 1993.
35.
"Analysis of Savings Behaviour in Pakistan" Savings and Development, No.2, 1993.
36.
"Substitution among Labour, Capital, Imported Raw Materials, and Bank Credit in Pakistan's
Manufacturing". Pakistan Development Review, Vol.32, No.4, Winter 1993.
37.
"Household Size, its Composition and Consumption Patterns in Pakistan: An Empirical
Analysis Using Micro Data". Indian Economic Review, Vol.XXVII, No.1, 1992 (with
Nadeem A. Burney).
38.
"Socio-Economic Characteristics and Household Savings: An Analysis of Household Saving
Behaviour in Pakistan. Pakistan Development Review, Vol.31, No.1, 1992.
39.
"Comments on Peter A. Cornelisse and Elma van de Mortel on Public and Private Net
Savings in Developing Countries: Some Empirical Tests for the Period 1972-88". Pakistan
Development Review, Vol 31, No.4, Winter 1992.
40.
"Dependency Ratio, Foreign Capital Inflows and the Rate of Savings in Pakistan". Pakistan
Development Review, Vol.31, No.4, Winter 1992.
41.
"Rainfall, Risks and Production Response in Pakistan's Agriculture". Pakistan Economic and
Social Review, Vol.XXX, No.2, Winter 1992. (with Zafar Iqbal).
42.
"A Link Model for South Asia", in Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, and Syed A. Samad (eds.)
South Asian Link: An Econometric Study. New Delhi: Oxford University Press (May 1992)
[with Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi].
43.
"A Macroeconometric Model for Pakistan", in Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi and Syed A.
Samad (eds.) South Asian Link: An Econometric Study. New Delhi: Oxford University Press,
May 1992 (With Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi).
14
45.
"Fiscal Deficits and Private Sector Activities in Pakistan". Economia Internazionale, (Vol.
XLIV, No.2-3, 1991 (With Zafar Iqbal).
46.
"Household Consumption Behaviour in Pakistan: A Rural-Urban Comparison Using Micro
Data". Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 30, No.2, Summer 1991 (With Nadeem A.
Burney).
47.
"Supply Response in Pakistan's Agriculture". International Journal of Development Planning
Literature, Vol.6, No.1, 1991 (with Zafar Iqbal).
48.
"Employment Creation Effects of Pakistan's Exports". Pakistan Development Review,
Vol.30, No.4, Winter 1991
49.
"Comments on Gustar F. Papanek on Market or Government: Lesson from a Comparative
Analysis of the Experience of Pakistan and India". Pakistan Development Review, Vol.30,
No.4, Winter 1991.
50.
"Wagner's "Law" and the Developing Economy: A Time Series Evidence from Pakistan",
Indian Economic Journal, July-September, 1990.
51.
"Money, Prices and Economic Activity in Pakistan: A Test of Causal Relation". Pakistan
Economic and Social Review. Vol.XXVIII, No.2, Winter 1990. (With Ahmed Naeem
Siddiqui).
52.
"On the Measurement of Technical Progress", International Journal of Development
Planning Literature. Vol.5, No.1, January-March, 1990 (with Rizwana Siddiqui)
53.
"A Re-examination of the Stability of the Demand for Money in Pakistan", Journal of
Macroeconomics, Vol. 12, No.2, Spring 1990 (with Mushtaq Ahmad).
54.
"Demand for Factors of Production in the Manufacturing Industries in Pakistan", in S.N.
Hyder (ed.) Employment Issues in Pakistan: Review of Some Evidences. Islamabad:
Pakistan Manpower Institute, 1990.
55.
"The Impact of Advertising on Aggregate Consumption Function" Pakistan Development
Review, Vol.28, No.4, 1989 [With Rizwana Siddiqui].
56.
"The Two Level CES Production Function for the Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan",
Pakistan Development Review, Vol.28, No.1, Spring 1989.
57.
"The Demand for Money in Pakistan: Quarterly Results 1972-87" Pakistan Economic and
Social Review, February 1989, (With Bilquees Raza).
58.
"Comments on Lutz Hoffmann on South Asia and European Integration - Lesson from the
Past and Future Prospects" Pakistan Development Review, Vol.28, No.4, Winter 1989.
59.
Budgetary Deficit: Options and Limitations". PIDE Tidings, Vol.1, No.3, SeptemberDecember 1989.
15
60.
"Public Spending and Deficits: Evidence from a Developing Economy", Public
Finance/Finances Pubiques, Vol.XXXXIII, No.3, 1988. Abstract published in Journal of
Economic Literature, Vol.XXVIII, No.1, March 1990.
61.
"Fiscal Dependence on Trade Taxes and Economic Development: A Case Study of
Pakistan", Public Finance/Finances Publiques. Vol.XXXXIII, No.1, 1988, Abstract
published in Journal of Economic Literature, Vol.XXVI, No.2, June 1989.
62.
"Factor Demand in Pakistan's Manufacturing Sector" International Economic Journal, Vol.2,
No.3, Autumn 1988.
63.
"Financial Repression, Financial Development and the Structure of Savings in Pakistan".
Pakistan Development Review, Vol.27, No.4, 1988.
64.
"Macroeconomic Policy and Private Investment in Pakistan", Pakistan Development Review,
Vol.XXVII, No.3, Autumn, 1988.
65.
"Comments on Aynul Hasan on Is there a Phillips Curve in Pakistan". Pakistan Development
Review, Vol.XXVII, No.4, Winter 1988.
66.
"Aggregate Consumption Function and Income Distribution Effect: Some Evidence from
Developing Countries", World Development, November 1987.
67.
"Real Money Balances in the Production Function of a Developing Country" The Review of
Economics and Statistics, May 1985 (With Mushtaq Ahmed).
68.
"Possibilities of Regional Trade Expansion: A Link Model for Pakistan, India, Bangladesh
and Sri Lanka", The Pakistan Development Review, Vol.XXIII, No.1, Spring 1984 (With
Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi and Ather Maqsood Ahmed).
69.
"Additional Evidence on Inflation Variability: The Experience of Asian Countries",
Economic Letters 12 (1983) (With Kalbe Abbas).
70.
"The Demand for Money and the Variability of the Rate of Inflation: An Empirical Note"
Economics Letters 10 (1982).
71.
"Permanent Income, Inflation Expectations and the Money Demand Function in Developing
Countries", The Pakistan Development Review, Vol.XXI, No.4, Winter 1982.
72.
"Adjustment-Mechanism and the Money Demand Function in Pakistan", Pakistan Economic
and Social Review, No.1, Summer 1982.
73.
"An Analysis of the Demand for Money in Pakistan", Journal of Institute of Bankers in
Pakistan, June 1982.
"The Demand for Money in Pakistan: Some Further Results". The Pakistan Development
Review, Vol.XIX, No.1, Spring 1980.
74.
16
75.
"A Link Model for Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka", Research Report Series
No.138, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, 1982 (With Syed Nawab
Haider Naqvi).
76.
"The Demand for Money in Pakistan: A Disaggregated Analysis". Research Report Series
No.114, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad. 1981.
77.
"Estimates of Money Supply in Pakistan: 1959-60 to 1978-79", Statistical Papers Series
No.1, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, 1980 (With A.R. Kemal
and Faiz Bilquees).
Paper Presented in International Conference
78.
"An Econometric Model of Pakistan". Presented at the World conference on Econometric
Modelling in Semi-Industrialized and Developing Economies. Organized by the Applied
Econometric Association on December 10-12, 1986 in Istanbul (Turkey).
79.
"A Macroeconometric Study of the Growth Prospects of Pakistan's Economy". Presented at
the Project LINK meeting held at the United Nations, New York, March 9-11, 1987.
80.
"Growth Prospects of Pakistan's Economy", Presented at the Regional Seminar on
Interlinked Country Model System held in Bangkok (Thailand) on November 17-20, 1987.
81.
"Growth Prospects of Pakistan's Economy", Presented at the Project LINK meeting held at
the United Nations, New York, March 7-9, 1988.
82.
"Financial Repression, Financial Development and Structure of Savings in Pakistan",
Presented at the Project LINK meeting held at the Korean Development Institute (KDI),
Seoul, South Korea from November 7-11, 1988.
83.
"A LINK model for South Asian Countries". Presented at the Review Meeting on
Econometric Modelling of Trade in South Asia in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) held on
December 7-8, 1988 (With Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi).
84.
"Pakistan's Economy: Past Performance and Future Outlook". Presented at the Workshop on
Asian Economic Outlook held at the Asian Development Bank, Manila on January 16-18,
1989 (With Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi).
85.
"Pakistan's Economy: Past Performance and Future Outlook". Presented at the Workshop on
Asian Economic Outlook held at the Asian Development Bank, Manila on November 13-16,
1989 (With Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi).
86.
"Economic Outlook for Pakistan under Alternative Scenarios". Presented at the Regional
Seminar on Interlinked Country Model System Organized by the ESCAP in Beijing
(People's Republic of China) on October 22-24, 1990 (with Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi).
17
87.
"Pakistan's Economy: Past Performance and Future Outlook". Presented at the Workshop on
Asian Economic Outlook held at the Asian Development Bank, Manila on November 5-9,
1990 (with Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi).
88.
"Service Trade and Asian Economies: A Case Study of Pakistan". Presented at the Project
LINK meeting held at the Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines on November 5-9,
1990.
89.
Outlook of Pakistan's Economy Under Alternative Scenarios". Paper presented in the Project
LINK Meeting at the United Nations, New York on March 6-8, 1991 (with Syed Nawab
Haider Naqvi).
90.
"Pakistan Economy: Recent Performance and Future Prospects". Paper presented at the
Fourth Workshop on Asian Economic Outlook, organized by the Asian Development Bank,
Manila, Philippines on October 28-31, 1991 (With Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi).
91.
"Pakistan's Economy: Current Performance and Future Outlook". Paper Presented at the
Project LINK Meeting at the United Nations Headquarter, New York, on March 4-7, 1992
(with Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi).
92.
"Pakistan's Economy: Current Performance and Future Outlook". Paper Presented at the
Project LINK Meeting held in Ankara (Turkey) on September 14-18, 1992 (with Syed
Nawab Haider Naqvi).
93.
"Pakistan's Economy: Current Performance and Future Outlook" Paper presented at the
Project LINK Meeting held at the United Nations Headquarter, New York on March 10-13,
1993 (with Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi).
94.
"Experience of Economic Cooperation within SAARC". Paper Presented at the European
Community and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Conference,
Organized by the Friedrich-Naumann Stiftung on June 6-12, 1993 in Brussels (Belgium).
95.
"Pakistan's Economy: Current Performance and Future Outlook". Paper presented at the
Project LINK Meeting held in Beijing (China) on September 13-17, 1993.
96.
"Experience of Economic Cooperation Among South Asian Countries". Paper presented at
the Project LINK Meeting held in Beijing (China) on September 13-17, 1993.
97.
Pakistan Economy: Current Performance and Future Outlook". paper presented at the Project
LINK Meeting held in Salamanca, Spain on September 12-16, 1994 (with Syed Nawab
Haider Naqvi).
98.
"Financial Sector Reforms and Monetary Policy in Developing Countries: A Case of
Pakistan". Paper presented at the Project LINK Meeting held in Salamanca, Spain on
September 12-16, 1994.
99.
"Current Performance of Pakistan's Economy and Future Outlook", paper presented at the
Project LINK Meeting held at the United Nations Headquarter, New York, on March 15-18,
18
1995. (with Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi)
100.
"Pakistan Economy: Current Performance and Future Outlook", paper presented at the
Project LINK Meeting held in Pretoria South Africa on September 25-29, 1995.
101.
"Country Report: Pakistan". Paper presented at the Project LINK Meeting held at the United
Nations Headquarter, New York on March 25-28, 1996.
102.
"The New Regionalism in the Post-Uruguay Round: Options for Pakistan". Paper presented
at the 20th American Committee on Asian Economic Studies (ACAES) Conference on "The
New Industrial Revolution in Asian Economies", May 14-17, 1996, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
103.
"Country Report: Pakistan". Paper presented at the Project LINK Meeting held in Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia on September 22-26, 1997.
104.
"Country Report: Pakistan". Paper presented at the Project LINK Meeting held in Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia on September 22-26, 1997.
105.
"Economic and Financial Crises in East and South-East Asia: Lessons for Pakistan". Paper
presented at the Regional Seminar on the Recent Financial Crises in East and South-East
Asia, organized by the Asian Development Bank, Manila in Dhaka (Bangladesh), February
16-17, 1998.
106.
“Foreign Direction Investment in Pakistan: Policies and Trends”. Paper presented at the
Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin fuer Sozialforschung (WZB), Berlin, Germany on October
18-20, 1998.
107.
“Globalization and Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan” Paper presented at the AsiaPacific Weeks Conference in Berlin on October 4-6, 1999.
108.
"Country Report: Pakistan". Paper presented at the Project LINK Meeting held in New York,
USA on April 17-20, 2000.
109.
"Country Report: Pakistan". Paper presented at the Project LINK Meeting held in Oslo
Norway on October 2-6, 2000.
110.
E-Commerce: Challenges and Opportunities”. Paper presented at the Quality Conference in
Abu Dhabi on October 21-24, 2000.
111.
“Pakistan’s Macroeconomic Situation and Reform Agenda”. Paper presented at the AsiaPacific Weeks Conference in Berlin on September 21, 2001.
112.
“Recent Economic Performance, Impact of September 11 and Short-Term Economic
Outlook of Pakistan”, Paper presented at the 14th Workshop on Asian Economic Outlook,
Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines, December 11-12, 2001.
113.
“Debt, Growth and Poverty Alleviation: A Case of Pakistan”. Paper presented at the ADB –
19
IDRC Seminar on Poverty, Trade and Growth: Issues in Sustainable Development, Asian
Development Bank, Manila, Philippines, October 29-30, 2003.
114.
“Pakistan: Economic Prospects and Investment Opportunities”. Paper presented at the First
Economic Congress of Casa Asia, Barcelona, Spain, December 3-4, 2003.
115.
“Pakistan’s Economic Turnaround: Lessons for Africa”. Paper Presented at the Conference
on “Globalization & Economic Success” Cairo, Egypt. November 13 – 14, 2006.
Paper Presented at the National Conference/Seminar
116.
Writing Weekly Column in Op-ed of The News since June 2, 2009
117.
"An Analysis of Inflation in Pakistan: A Non-Traditional Approach". Presented at the Annual
Conference of the Pakistan Economic Association in Lahore May 1-2, 1982.
118.
"Demand for Factors of Production in the Manufacturing Industries in Pakistan". Presented at
the Workshop on Employment Promotion organized jointly by Pakistan Manpower Institute
and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Federal Republic of Germany, November 28-29, 1987,
Islamabad.
119.
"Financial Repression, Financial Development and Structure of Savings in Pakistan".
Presented at the Fifth Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of Development
Economist (PSDE), January 4-6, 1989, Islamabad.
120.
"An APDC LINK Model for South Asia". Presented at the Final Meeting on Econometric
Modelling of Trade in South Asia, Organized jointly by the Asian and Pacific Development
Center (APDC), Kuala Lumpur and the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics
(PIDE), June 25-28, 1989. Islamabad.
121.
"The Impact of Advertising on the Private Consumption in Pakistan". (With Rizwana
Siddiqui) Presented at the Sixth Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of
Development Economist (PSDE), January 8-10, 1990, Islamabad.
122.
"Employment Effects of Pakistan's Exports" Paper presented at the Seventh Annual General
Meeting of the Pakistan Society of Development Economist (PSDE), January 8-10, 1991,
Islamabad.
123.
Implications of the Auction of Government Debt". Paper presented in the Workshop on the
State of the Economy, organized by the Institute of Policy Studies, August 16-17, 1991 in
Islamabad.
124.
"Dependency Ratio, Foreign Capital Inflow and Structure of Savings in Pakistan", (with
Luba Hasan and Afia Malik). Paper presented at the 8th Annual General Meeting of the
Pakistan Society of Development Economists (PSDE), January 7-9, 1992.
125.
"Auction of Internal Public Debt: An Update". Paper presented at the Meeting of the Working
20
Group on State of the Economy, organized by the Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad on
January 15-16, 1993.
126.
"Substitution Among Labour, Capital, Imported Raw Materials, and Bank Credit in
Pakistan's Manufacturing Sector". Paper presented at the 9th Annual General meeting of the
Pakistan Society of Development Economists (PSDE), January 7-10, 1993, Islamabad.
127.
"Financial Liberalization and the Demand for Money in Pakistan". Paper Presented at the
10th Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists (PSDE),
April 2-5, 1994, Islamabad.
128.
"Impact of Devaluation on Pakistan's External Trade: An Econometric Approach". Paper
Presented at the 10th Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of Development
Economists (PSDE), April 2-5, 1994, Islamabad.
129.
"Education and Industrial Growth in Pakistan". Paper presented in the SAARC Conference
organized by the University Grants Commission in Islamabad on August 16-18, 1994 (with
Zafar Mahmood).
130.
Growth, Employment and Human Security under Alternative Scenarios". Paper Presented in
the Global Human Security seminar organized by the Society for International Development,
Islamabad Chapter, October 23, 1994.
131.
Incidence of Unemployment and Poverty under Alternative Scenarios". Paper Presented in
the Regional Workshop on Employment Generation an Poverty Alleviation, organized jointly
by the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Pakistan Office and the Pakistan Administrative Staff
College in Lahore, October 30, 1994.
132.
"What Explains Current High Rate of Inflation in Pakistan?". Paper presented at the 11th
Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists (PSDE), April
18-21, 1995, Islamabad (With M. Aynul Hasan, Hafiz A. Pasha and Ajaz Rashid).
133.
"Exports, Growth and Causality: An Application of Cointegration and Error-Correction
Modelling". Paper presented at the 11th Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of
Development Economists (PSDE), April 18-21, 1995, Islamabad. (With Afia Malik, and
Lubna Hasan).
134.
"Macroeconomic Policies and Structural Reforms in Pakistan". Paper presented at the
Seminar on The Micro Impact of Macroeconomic and Adjustment Policies (MIMAP),
organized by the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad on November 1213, 1995 in Islamabad.
135.
"Intra-SAARC Trade in South Asia: Problems and Prospects". Paper presented in a and
Prospects, organized by the Institute of Regional Study, December 4-5, 1995, Islamabad.
136.
"Growth, Employment and Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan". Paper presented in the
International Seminar on "Poverty Alleviation", organized by the Institute of Policy Studies,
December 15-16, 1995, Islamabad.
21
137.
"The New Regionalism in the Post-Uruguay Round: Options for Pakistan". Presented in the
IBA National Conference on Business Administration and Economics, July 20 - 22, 1996,
Karachi.
138.
"Inflation in Pakistan Revisited". Paper presented in the 12th Annual General Meeting of the
Pakistan Society of Development Economists (PSDE). December 14-16, 1996, Islamabad
(With Mohammad Ali Qasim).
139.
"Financial Sector Reforms and Its Impact on Savings and Economic Growth". Paper
presented in the 12th Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of Development
Economists (PSDE). December 14-16, 1996, Islamabad (With M. Aynul Hasan and Syed
Sajid Ali).
140.
"Inflation in Pakistan Revisited". Paper presented in the Training Course on Reconciling
Policies for Economic Growth and Development with Moderating Inflation organized jointly
by Economic Development Management in Asia and the Pacific (EDAP) and Pakistan
Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), August 1997.
141.
"Trade and Regional Economic Cooperation". Paper presented at the State of the Economy:
Prospects for Progress, organized by the Applied Economics Research Centre, Univesity of
Karachi, March 3-4, 1998.
142.
"The Experience of Trade Liberalization in Pakistan." Paper presented in the 14th Annual
General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists (PSDE). January 28-31,
1999, Islamabad.
143.
Stylized Facts of the Household Savings--Findings from the HIES 1993-94 Paper presented
in the 14th Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists
(PSDE). January 28-31, 1999, Islamabad (with Zafar M. Nasir).
Others
144.
"A Diagnostic Study of the Role of Services Sector in the Economy of Pakistan". Project
completed for the Economic and Social Commission for Asia & Pacific (ESCAP), United
Nations, Bangkok. December 1989.
145.
"SAARC Regional Study on Trade, Manufacture and Services". Project completed for the
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Secretariat, Kathmandu, Nepal, February
1991.
146.
"Review of the Performance of Poverty Reduction Efforts in Bank-financial Projects". A
study completed for the Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines, March 1995.
147.
"Complementarities, Comparative Advantages, and Benefits and Costs of Regional
Cooperation in Land Transport and Communication". Project completed for the Coordinating
Group for Studies on South Asian Perspective (CGSSAP) funded by the Friedrich Ebert
Stiftung. Federal Republic of Germany (with Annice Mahmood), April 1993.
22
148.
A Report on PIDE's Research Programme for 1993-96, Pakistan Institute of Development
Economics, Islamabad. July 1995 (with Ather Maqsood Ahmed).
149.
"Opening Trade with India". Reports submitted to the Ministry of Indutries, Government of
Pakistan, August 1996.
Articles Published in the News Paper/Magazine
150.
Writing Weekly Column in Op-ed of The News since June 2, 2009
151.
“No Upturn in Economy: A Response” published in The Daily Dawn May 29, 2001.
152.
“Why Broad-basing of GST is essential”, The Daily Dawn September 14, 1999
153.
"Economic and Financial Crises in East Asia: Lessons for Pakistan", Business Recorder,
January 19, 21, 22, 1998.
154.
"Devaluation: When it Works". The Frontier Post, March 1, 1996.
155.
"Social Clauses and the Uruguay Round Agreement". THE NEWS, December 1995.
156.
"Macroeconomic Policies and Structural Reforms in Pakistan" Economic and Business
Review, the Daily DAWN, December 16, 1995.
157.
"Debt Management in Pakistan" PULSE Weekly, April 9, 1993.
158.
"Budget Deficit: Options and Limitations". Economic and Business Review, The Daily
DAWN, April 8-14, 1989.
159.
"Analysis of Inflation in Pakistan". Pakistan and Gulf Economist, June 12-18, 1982.
160.
"Resource Mobilization: Only Right Mix of Fiscal, Monetary Policies can Help". Economic
and Business Review, the Daily DAWN, February 25 - March 3, 1989.the Adequaeg
Book Review
161.
Ashok Parikh. The Estimation and forecasting of Trade Shares. Bangkok: United Nations
Publication, 1986. 344 pp. (Development Papers No.5) Appeared in the Pakistan
Development Review, Vol.28, No.2, Summer 1989.
Thesis Supervised
162.
Comparative Analysis of the Independence of Central Banks in the Asian Pacific Region ,
BBA Thesis by the Fatima Hamid ,Mahak Firdous and Mohammad,201.1
163.
Analysing the Adequacy of Basel II and Basel III for Financial Stability ,BBA Thesis by
Mehreen Ahmed, Rabya Suleman and Zubair Rauf ,2011
164.
An Analysis of Inflation in Pakistan, BBA Thesis by Hira Saleem, Mohsin Khan and Zohaib
Riaz NUST Business School, 2010
165.
Impact of Interest Rate, Inflation and Price Uncertainty on Aggregate Consumption in
23
Pakistan. M.A. Thesis by Allah Ditta. November 1982.
166.
The IMF Stabilization Packages in the Context of Pakistan. M.A. Thesis by Sunniya Durrani,
1989.
167.
Export and Employment: A Case Study of Pakistan. M.Phil Thesis by Sabiha Khanum,
April 1993.
168.
Migration, Remittances and Private Consumption in Pakistan: A Macroeconometric Study.
M.Phil Thesis by Nadia Salam, July 1993.
169.
Financial Liberalization, Money Demand, and the Monetary Policy in Pakistan. M.Phil
Thesis by Syed Sajid Ali, June, 1994.
170.
International Capital Mobility and Saving-Investment Relationship: Some Evidence from
South Asian Countries. M.Phil Thesis by Khoula Faizi, August, 1995.
171.
Papers Written for the Government
172.
An Analysis of Inflation and Growth in Pakistan". Submitted to the Advisor to the Prime
Minister for Finance, Planning and Economic Affairs, August 11, 1994 [with Syed Nawab
Haider Naqvi].
173.
"Post-Gulf War Developments and Their Impact on Pakistan's Economy". Submitted to the
President of Pakistan. August 1991 [With Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi].
174.
"Gulf Crisis, Cessation of US Aid and Self-Reliance". Submitted to the President of Pakistan.
March 1991 [With Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi].
175.
"On Attaining Self-Reliance". Submitted to the President of Pakistan. December 1990 [with
Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi].
176.
"Economic Outlook for 1989-90 and 1990-91 under Alternative Scenarios". Submitted to the
President of Pakistan. July 1990 [With Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi].
177.
"Using an Inflation Equation to Estimate the Inflationary Consequences of an Increase in the
Prices of POL Products". Submitted to the Advisor to the Prime Minister for Finance,
Planning and Economic Affairs. March 1990 [With Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi].
178.
"Economic Outlook for 1988-89 and 1989-90: PIDE's Forecasts". Submitted to the Advisor
to the Prime Minister for Finance, Planning and Economic Affairs. May 1989 [With Syed
Nawab Haider Naqvi].
179.
"A Note on the Impact of Additional Taxation on the General Price Level". Submitted to the
Advisor to the Prime Minister for Finance, Planning and Economic Affairs, March 1989.
[With Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi].