Introduction to Chemistry
Section 1:
Section 2:
Section 3:
Section 4:
A Story of Two Substances
Chemistry and Matter
Scientific Methods
Scientific Research
• Section 1: Chemistry is the study of everything around
us.
• Section 2: Branches of chemistry involve the study of
different kinds of matter.
• Section 3: Scientists use scientific methods to
systematically pose and test solutions to questions and
assess the results of the tests.
• Section 4: Some scientific investigations result in the
development of technology that can improve our lives
and the world around us.
Vocabulary
Review
•
•
•
•
matter
technology
systematic approach
synthetic
New
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
chemistry
substance
mass
weight
model
scientific method
qualitative data
New continued
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
quantitative data
hypothesis
experiment
independent variable
dependent variable
control
conclusion
theory
scientific law
pure research
applied research
A Story of Two Substances
Section 1
Section 1: A Story of Two Substances
• Chemistry is the study of everything around us.
K
What I Know
W
What I Want to Find Out
L
What I Learned
Why Study Chemistry?
•
All the “stuff” in the universe is made from building blocks formed in stars.
•
These building blocks and everything made from them are called _______.
•
____________is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.
The Ozone Layer
•
Ultraviolet _________ damages living organisms.
•
Earth’s atmosphere contains a layer of _______ that absorbs most ultraviolet
radiation and protects living organisms.
•
Ozone is a substance in the atmosphere made up of ____________.
•
A ____________, also known as a chemical, is matter that has a definite
composition.
The Ozone Layer
•
Earth’s atmosphere consists of several layers. The protective ozone layer is
located in the ________________.
The Ozone Layer
•
Ozone, in the stratosphere, is formed when oxygen gas (O2) is exposed to
ultraviolet radiation.
The Ozone Layer
•
Ozone has interested and been studied by scientists since the late 1800’s.
•
Ozone forms over the ________, where the rays of sunlight are the strongest
and then flows towards the poles, thus, making it a convenient marker to
follow the flow of air in the stratosphere.
The Ozone Layer
The Ozone Layer
•
In the mid-1980s, Scientists detected thin areas in the ozone layer over
_____________.
•
What could be causing the ozone hole?
Chlorofluorocarbons
•
In the 1920’s, large-scale production of refrigerators began, which used ammonia as
coolant.
•
In an attempt to find safer coolant, chemist, Thomas Midgley, Jr. synthesized the first
chlorofluorocarbons in 1928.
•
A Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is a substance that consists of _________, _______and
_________.
•
All substances that are classified as CFCs are:
– Man-made (they do not occur naturally)
– Nontoxic
– Stable (they do not readily react with other substances)
•
Because of being nontoxic and very __________, they seemed to be ideal coolants for
refrigerators and AC units, for use in plastic foams and as propellants in spray cans.
Chlorofluorocarbons
•
CFCs were first detected in the
atmosphere in the 1970s, and the
concentrations continued to increase
through the 1990s.
•
Could there be a connection between
ozone thinning and increasing CFCs in
the atmosphere?
Review
Essential Questions
•
What is a substance?
•
How does ozone form and why is it important?
•
What are chlorofluorocarbons and how do they get into the atmosphere?
Vocabulary
• chemistry
• substance
Chemistry and Matter
Section 2
Section 2: Chemistry and Matter
• Branches of chemistry involve the study of different kinds of matter.
K
What I Know
W
What I Want to Find Out
L
What I Learned
Matter and its characteristics
•
Matter is anything that has ______________ and takes up ____________.
•
__________is a measurement that reflects the amount of matter.
•
__________is a measure of mass and force of gravity on an object. Weight can
change from place to place, but mass is constant.
•
Much of matter and its behavior is macroscopic, meaning that it can be observed
without a ________________.
•
The structure, composition, and behavior of all matter can be described on the
submicroscopic (________________) level.
•
Chemistry explains events on the atomic level that cause ____________
observations.
•
A _________is a verbal, visual, or mathematical explanation of experimental data.
Chemistry: The Central Science
•
A basic understanding of chemistry is central to all sciences – biology,
physics, Earth science, ecology, etc. Chemistry is traditionally broken into
________________that focus on specific areas such as:
– Organic chemistry
– Inorganic chemistry
– Physical chemistry
– Analytical chemistry
– Biochemistry
– Environmental chemistry
– Industrial chemistry
– Polymer chemistry
– Theoretical chemistry
– thermochemistry
Match what you think is the branch of chemistry to
its area of emphasis (start with what you do know)
Branch
• Analytical chemistry
• Industrial chemistry
• Physical chemistry
• Biochemistry
• Inorganic chemistry
• Polymer chemistry
• Thermochemistry
Area of Emphasis
• Most carbon-containing
chemicals
• In general, matter that doesn’t
contain carbon
• The behavior and changes of
matter and the related energy
changes
• Components and composition of
substances
• Matter and processes of living
organisms
• Matter and the environment
• Chemical processes in industry
• Polymers and plastics
• Chemical interactions
• Heat involved in chemical
processes
Review
Essential Questions
• How do mass and weight compare and contrast?
• Why are chemists interested in a submicroscopic description of
matter?
• What defines the various branches of chemistry?
Vocabulary
• Mass
• weight
• model
Scientific Methods &
Research
Section 3 & Section 4
Section 3 & 4: Scientific Methods & Research
• Scientists use scientific methods to systematically pose and test
solutions to questions and assess the results of the tests.
• Some scientific investigations result in the development of
technology that can improve our lives and the world around us.
K
What I Know
W
What I Want to Find Out
L
What I Learned
A Systematic Approach
•
The ___________________is a systematic approach used in scientific study,
whether it is chemistry, physics, biology, or another science.
•
It is an organized _________used by scientists to do research, and provides
methods for scientists to verify the work of others.
•
The steps in a scientific method are repeated until a hypothesis is supported
or ______________.
A Systematic Approach
•
An observation is the act of gathering information.
–
_____________is obtained through observations that describe color, smell, shape, or some
other physical characteristic that is related to the 5 senses.
–
_______________is obtained from numerical observations that describe how much, how little,
how big, or how fast.
•
A _______________is a tentative explanation for what has been observed.
•
An ______________is a set of controlled observations that test the
hypothesis.
A Systematic Approach
•
•
A ____________is a quantity or condition that can have more than one value.
–
An ___________________________is the variable you plan to change.
–
The __________________is the variable that changes in value in response to a change in the
independent variable
EXAMPLE: If you were trying to determine if temperature affects bacterial
growth, you would expose different petri dishes of the same bacteria to
different temperatures
–
Temperature is your __________________________________
–
Bacteria growth is your ___________________________________
A Systematic Approach
•
A _______________is a standard for comparison in the experiment.
•
During clinical drug trials, physicians will use a double-blind study. They use 2
statistically identical groups of patients. 1 will receive the drug and 1 will
receive a placebo (_________). Neither patient or physician know which
group receives the drugs.
•
The group receiving the placebo is the control group.
•
A ______________is a judgment based on the information obtained from the
experiment.
–
A hypothesis is never proven, only supported or discarded.
Experiments
Theory and Scientific Law
•
•
A _________is an explanation that has been repeatedly supported by many
experiments.
–
A theory states a broad principle of nature that has been supported over time by repeated
testing.
–
Theories are successful if they can be used to make predictions that are true.
A _________________is a relationship in nature that is supported by many
experiments, and no exceptions to these relations are found.
Types of Scientific Investigations
•
____________is research to gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself.
•
_______________is research undertaken to solve a specific problem.
•
Change discoveries occurs when scientists obtain results that are far different
from what they expected.
–
Sometimes accidents are better! Alexander Fleming’s discovery of Penicillin has saved millions.
Review
Essential Questions
•
What are the common steps of scientific method?
•
What are the similarities and differences between qualitative data and quantitative
data?
•
In an experiment, which variable is the independent variable, which is the dependent
variable, and which are controls?
•
What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law?
•
How do pure research, applied research, and technology compare and contrast?
Vocabulary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Scientific method •
Qualitative data
•
Quantitative data •
Hypothesis
•
Experiment
•
Independent variable
•
Dependent variable•
Control
Conclusion
Theory
Scientific law
Synthetic
Pure research
Applied research