Chapter 20: Science and
Exploration
Bell Work
(10 Minutes)
4/8
Write a paragraph
answering one of the
following:
1. How did ideas and inventions of the
Renaissance and Reformation change
Europe between the 1300s-1600s?
2. Beginning in the late 15th century, how
did the Scientific Revolution lead to
exploration and founding a New World?
What is the Scientific Revolution?
What is the Age of Exploration?
Columbian Exchange
Mercantilism
Capitalism
New Systems of Trade
The Big Idea
Exchanges between the Old World and the New World influenced the
development of new economic systems: mercantilism and
capitalism.
Main Ideas
• Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas exchanged plants, animals,
and ideas.
• In the 1600s and 1700s, new trade patterns developed, and power
shifted in Europe.
• Market economies changed business in Europe.
Main Idea 1:
Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas
exchanged plants, animals, and ideas.
Columbian Exchange
• The exchange of plants, animals, and ideas between the New
World (the Americas) and the Old World (Europe) is known as the
Columbian Exchange.
• Exchanges occurred when Europeans took seeds to plant crops in
the New World.
• Europeans also took animals such as cows, goats, sheep, horses,
and chickens to the New World.
• Accidental exchanges took place when Europeans brought over
diseases or animals such as rats that hid in ships.
Columbian Exchange
The New World
The Old World
New World Plants and Animals
• While Europeans introduced plants and animals to the New World,
they also found things they had not known about.
• They took samples back to their home countries as well as to
Africa and Asia.
• Vegetables such as tomatoes, potatoes, and squash as well as
plants such as tobacco had never been seen before.
• These products went around the world. Many of them grew well in
other countries, so they are now a part of those cultures.
Exchanges of Culture
• Europeans introduced their culture to the places they explored.
• Christians set out to convert people in the new lands to their
religion.
• Missionaries also taught European languages to the native
peoples.
Exchanges of Technology
• Europeans took guns and steel to parts of Africa and to
the Americas.
• The introduction of sheep and sugarcane created new
industries.
• People began to grow sugarcane on plantations, or
large farms.
Treatment of Native Americans
• Plantations and mines made money for Portugal,
Spain, and some colonists in the Americas.
• However, the plantation life and mining made for
bad treatment of Native Americans.
• The Spanish colonists forced Native Americans to
work on the plantations. Hard work and disease
killed many.
• Europeans then started using enslaved Africans as
workers.
– Soon, thousands of Africans were being shipped to the Americas as slave
labor, and this continued until the late 1800s.
Main Idea 2:
In the 1600s and 1700s, new trade patterns
developed, and power shifted in Europe.
• Mercantilism is a system in which a government controls all
economic activity in a country and its colonies to make the
government stronger and richer.
• Mercantilism was the main economic policy in Europe between
1500 and 1800.
• Governments did everything they could to get more gold and silver.
• Countries tried to export more goods than they imported to keep a
favorable balance of trade.
New Trading Patterns
• One major trading pattern involved the exchange of
raw materials, manufactured products, and slaves
among Europe, Africa, and the Americas. This type of
trade was called triangular trade.
• The Atlantic slave trade was a major part of the trade
network.
• Enslaved Africans were crammed onto ships and
sent mainly to South America and the Caribbean.
• Between the 1500s and 1600s, millions of slaves
were shipped to the colonies in the New World.
The Shift of Power
• Portugal and Spain were leading economic
powers in the 1500s, but that changed as the
Dutch and English became stronger.
• The Netherlands became a great trading
power when Dutch merchants formed a
company that traded directly with Asia.
• England benefited greatly from increased
trade with China and India as well as with
North America.
Banking
• The Dutch and English set up banks due to
increased trade.
• Banking improved business.
– Merchants could exchange money from different countries and get the
correct value.
– Money was loaned to people to start new businesses, which
contributed to economic growth.
Market Economies
• The growth of manufacturing economies was caused
by increased demand for goods.
• Demand was increased by a growing population,
lower expenses for food, and more colonies.
• As demand grew, businesspeople tried to find new
and better ways to produce their goods. They
wanted to increase their supply to meet the demand.
Capitalism and Market
Economies
• Capitalism is an economic system in which
individuals and private businesses run most
industries. Competition among these businesses
affects the cost of goods.
• Competition works best in a market economy, in
which individuals decide what goods and services
they will buy.
• In the 1800s, capitalism became the economic
system of most countries in the world.
Quick Questions
5 Minutes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What was the Columbian Exchange?
Explain the power shift.
Explain supply and demand.
What is capitalism?
What is a market economy?
Quick Questions
1.
What was the Columbian Exchange?
•
2.
The exchange of plants, animals, and ideas between the New
World (the Americas) and the Old World (Europe)
Explain the power shift.
•
3.
From Portugal and Spain (colonies) to Netherlands and
England (banks/companies)
Explain supply and demand.
•
4.
Population grew, needed more supply, people produced
supply to meet the demand
What is capitalism?
•
5.
Individual/private run the industry; businesses compete which
affect cost of goods
What is a market economy?
•
Individuals decide what goods and services they will buy;
competition works best in this type of economy
Page: 598
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