COLBOURNE COLLEGE
PRESENTED BY
SADEKE SMITH
Define
tourism
Explain the tourism system
Identify types of tourism
Explain why people travel
Examine the factors that
stimulate travel
The sum of the phenomena and
relationships arising from the travel
& stay of non-residents, in so far as
they do not lead to permanent
residence and are not connected to
any earning activity (Halloway, 1998 pp. 1-
2)
The Tourism Society in Britain describes
tourism “in terms of particular activities
selected by choice and undertaken
outside the home environment. They
may or may not involve overnight stay
away from home (Halloway,1998 p. 2)”
Jafari also defines tourism as: “the study
of man away from his usual habitat, of
the industry which responds to his needs
and of the impacts that both he and the
industry have on the host socio-cultural,
economic and physical environment.”
Leiper (1981, cited by Ernawati 2002) also
defines tourism as “an open system of five
elements interaction with broader
environments, the human
element, tourists; three geographical
elements:
 generating region,
 transit routes and destination region;
 an economic element, the tourist
industry.”
Comprises:
 tourists
 generating
region
 transit routes
 destination region
 the tourist industry
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Domestic;
Regional;
International;
Long haul;
Short haul;
Inbound;
Outbound;
This is the point from where the potential
tourists are coming into a region.
 Major expenditure occurs here
 The region loses inhabitants temporarily
 New tastes and desires are taken into the
region
The path that the visitor has to take to get
to the destination.
 This is dependent on the mode of
transportation that is being used – air, land
or sea.
 The transit route may be a country, a town
or the open seas.
 A transit route may become a tourism
destination.
The place to which the visitors are attracted.
 This area should possess features that can
sustain the interest of the visitors.
 the development of a destination is
influenced by factors outside of the
destination e.g. transportation technology.
These include:
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attractions,
accommodation,
food & beverage,
tourism services,
the travel trade,
transportation,
events and conferences, and
adventure tourism.
TYPES OF TOURISM
CONVENTIONAL MASS TOURISM
 Focus: Three Ss
 To North to South
Large numbers
Has distinct peak seasons
Ownership - foreign-based
 Low levels of local
involvement in the planning
and management
 Locals employed primarily in
the semi-skilled and unskilled categories
Tourists are primarily price
sensitive – package tours
Example: cruise tourism, resort-
based/beach tourism
ALTERNATIVE TYPES OF TOURISM
Characteristics

It attempts to protect, conserve
and enhance the quality of the
environment.

It answers the question of who
benefits by fostering development
that complement local attributes

It minimises impact on the
environment

It promotes smaller scale of
development
Examples – eco-tourism, community
tourism, special events tourism
Travel for physical activities
such
as:
 Play
 Rest and relaxation
 Pleasure seeking
Travel as a means of authenticating
experiences and discovering new things
from:
 Movies
 Books
 Discussions
Curiosity is the main motivator
here.
 Travel
for interpersonal reasons:
 To
become reacquainted with
persons e.g. VFR;

person may also travel to meet
other people with similar
interests and desires.
 Travel
for cultural reasons:
 To
discover new cultures – one of
the most popular reasons to
travel
 For
religious reasons –
pilgrimages, conventions
 To
attend festivals – Food,
Cultural etc.
 Travel
as a form of imperialism:
 Tourism
often called neocolonialism
 Provides
the ability to flaunt
wealth
 Prestige
and status important
Travel
to seek knowledge
 Attending universities abroad
Travel
to differentiate oneself
for members of one’s social
class
A body of learned behaviors common to a
given human society
Characteristics:
 Involves teaching and learning
 Norms/meanings are negotiated
 Constantly changing
 Geography
weather and climate;
 physical location;
 topography;
 vegetation

 Politics
 Contact
1. Culture:
 Determines rules for behaviour
 help to develop certain perceptions and
attitudes
 influence how we evaluate the world
 Determines our level of satisfaction with a
destination
 can cause difficulties in social interaction
(Mills, pp. 244 – 245)
2. MOTIVATION - Factors that drive a persons to act
in a particular manner.
Motives may be seen as push or pull factors
Examples of push factors:
 negative
factors at home
 pressure
from society
 relaxation
 Examples
of pull factors:
 Climate
– warm or cold
 Scenic beauty
 Proximity to source market
 Attitudes of locals toward tourists
 Services offered at the destination
 Cost – access and local costs
 The level of risk at the destination
Concerns characteristics inside people
that explain why they do what they do
(Hogan, 2000).
Plog’s personality and destination choice
model
Psycho-centric
 Near psycho-centric
 Mid-centric
 Near Allocentric
 Allocentric
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 rate
of involvement declines
 The types of activities change too
 Young adults have a very high
tendency to travel
 Older people will, however, travel
farther; they seek quality, educational
experiences than the young. (Mill,
2002)
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Disposable income – is that money that is
left over after taxes are paid
Discretionary income – is the money that
remains after taking care of personal
expenses and needs
Certain factors facilitate a higher
disposable income – Education, Marriage,
Age
 Single,
 Married
With No Children,
 Married With Infant Children
 Married With Young Children
 Married With Adolescent
Children
 Older And Married
Travel is a voyage of discovery for the
individual. He/she has to:
 Manage their resources
 Manage their time
 Manage their interactions – degree of
contact
 Manoeuvre cultural values and norms
 Culture shocks
 Socio-cultural differences
Family travel:
 contributes
to store of
memory
 helps bring about cohesion
 teaches management of
resources
 provides an education for the
entire family

Campbell, (2002). [online] University of Manitoba.
Available at:
http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/physed/research/peo
ple/campbell/123120_2c.pdf [Accessed 15 Sep. 2015].

Ernawati, D. (2002). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at:
http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/88/3/03chapter2.pdf
[Accessed 15 Sep. 2015].

Holloway, J. (1998). The business of tourism. Harlow:
Longman.

Mills, (2012). Culture Definition. [online] Available at:
http://www.wsu.edu:8001/vcwsu/commons/topics/cultur
e/culture-definition.html [Accessed 15 Sep. 2015].