Chapter 14
Section 2
Social Crises, War,
and Revolution
Learning Objectives
The students will be able to:
• List the causes and results of the Thirty Years
War
• Identify the causes and evaluate the effects of
the English Revolution including examples of
political, economic, and social oppression and
violation of human rights
• Summarize the ideas from the English Revolution
concerning separation of power, liberty, and
equality.
Economic and Social
Crises
• Inflation
• Economic slowdown
• Population decline
Witchcraft Trials
• Inquisition extended
into concern about
witchcraft
• More than 100
thousand charged –
mostly single or
widowed women
over 50
Thirty Years' War
• Called “the last of the religious wars”
• Began as a struggle between Catholic
forces and Protestant nobles
• Most destructive conflict Europe
experienced thus far
• ALL major European powers except
England become involved in this
conflict.
Most battles fought on German soil
Germany crushed - 4 million died
Peace of Westphalia
1648
• Officially
ended the war
• Stated all
German states
could
determine
their own
religion
Results of
The Thirty Years War:
• Ended the idea of a
Catholic empire
• made birth of modern
states possible
Effects of Thirty Years’ War
• Germany was
plundered and
destroyed
• More than 300 states
of the Holy Roman
Empire were
recognized as
independent
• Germany would not
be reunited again until
200 years later.
English
Constitutional
Monarchy
Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY
Provided information for this powerpoint.
1603 Elizabeth I Dies
The Stuart Monarchy
James I [r. 1603-1625]
A staunch advocate
of divine right of
kings.
Wrote Trew Law of
Free Monarchy –
suggested that king
only had to answer
to God and was not
bound by old policies
or agreements.
King
James
Bible,
1611
Charles I [r. 1625-1649]
The Petition of Right, 1628
• According to the Petition, the
monarchy could not:
• imprison subjects without due
cause.
• force loans or levy taxes
without the consent of
Parliament.
• house soldiers in private
homes without the owner's
consent.
• impose martial law in
peacetime.
“The Stuart Magna Carta”
Revolution in England
Struggle between the
king and parliament in
determining what role
each should play in
governing England
Civil War (1621-1649)
Royalists
(Cavaliers)
Parliamentarians
(Roundheads)
a
House of Lords
† House of Commons
a
Aristocracy
† Puritans
a
Large landowners
† Merchants
a
Church officials
† Townspeople
a
More rural, less
prosperous
† More urban , more
prosperous
Anyone who disagreed
with Puritans on political
or religious issues
† Anyone who believed
the powers of the
king should be curbed
a
Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658]
The “Interregnum” Period [1649-1660]
New Model Army
• Made up of extreme Puritans called
Independents
• Believed were doing battle for God
• Well disciplined & trained
“Rump
Parliament”
Cromwell purged
Parliament of anyone
who did not support him
The
Beheading
of Charles I
January 30, 1649
Cromwell
• Declares England a
commonwealth (republic)
• Establishes a military
dictatorship
• Disperses the Rump Parliament
The Restoration 1660
• After death of Cromwell,
Parliament asks Charles II to
return to Monarchy
• Parliament restored the
Church of England and limited
the rights of Catholics &
Puritans
King Charles II [r. 1660-1685]
a
“The Merry Monarch”
a
Had charm, poise, & political skills
a
Restored the theaters and
reopened the pubs and brothels
closed during Cromwell’s reign
a
Favored religious toleration
a
sympathized with Catholics
a
Realized that he could not repeat
the mistakes his father had made
a
When had a conflict with
Parliament, gave in
Test Act
a
a
a
Charles favored religious toleration
Protestants feared he would appoint
Catholics to public office so passed the
Test Act
1673  Test Act
 Required all government officials to
attend Anglican services
King James II [r. 1685-1688]
a
a
a
Was a bigoted convert
to Catholicism without
any of Charles II’s
shrewdness or ability to
compromise.
Ignored the Test Act &
appointed Catholics to
office
Provoked the revolution
that Charles II had
succeeded in avoiding
The “Glorious” Revolution
a
Parliament offered the throne jointly to James II’s
daughter Mary [raised a Protestant] & her husband,
William of Orange
a
James fled to France
a
No bloodshed = “glorious”
a
Destroyed the divine-right theory of kingship
Glorious Revolution
• Brought William and Mary to
the throne
• Had to support a Parliament
• Was a bloodless revolution
• Had to sign the Bill of Rights
English Bill of Rights [1689]
a
a
a
It settled all of the
major issues between
King & Parliament.
It served as a model
for the U. S. Bill of
Rights.
It also formed a base
for the steady
expansion of civil
liberties in the 18c and
early 19c in England.
English Bill of Rights [1689]
a
Main provisions:
1. The King could not suspend the operation of laws.
2. The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of
justice.
3. No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime
without Parliament’s consent.
4. Freedom of speech in Parliament.
5. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently.
6. Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from
excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment.
7. The monarch must be a Protestant.
8. Freedom from arbitrary arrest.
9. Censorship of the press was dropped.
10. Religious toleration of all Protestants; Catholics still penalized
English Bill of Rights
• Foundation for a constitutional monarchy
• It did not create a democracy in England.
Only those who had wealth, land and
property could vote and sit in Parliament.
• Power was transfer from monarch to
aristocratic dominated Parliament.
Toleration Act of 1689
• Granted all Protestants
freedom of worship, but
not Catholics
Habeas Corpus Act (1697)
• Safeguard against absolute rule
• Any unjustly imprisoned person could
obtain a writ of habeas corpus
compelling the government to explain
why he had lost his liberty