• - Every organism is given 2 names (by Carl Linnaeus, a
Swedish Botanist – in Latin)
- These are: Genus & species (Genus – first letter is capitol, species is not – both are italic)
• Eg. Canis lupus - Wolf
• Can also be written as C. lupus

( REMEMBER: Kings Play Chess On Fine Grained Sand )
• Kingdom – Animal, Plant, Fungi, Prokaryotes, Protista
• Phylum vertebrates / arthropods / nematodes / annelids / mollusks
• Class – fish / reptiles/ birds/ amphibians/ mammals
crustaceans, insects, myrapods, arachnids
• Order -
• Family -
• Genus -
• Species -

Animal Plant Fungi
Prokaryotes
Protista

• Fish Reptiles
Birds: Amphibians:
Mammals:

Bony fish
-> vertebrates with scaly skin
->Have fins
->Have gills
Amphibians Reptiles
->Vertebrates with moist scale-less skin
-> eggs laid in water
->Larva
(tadpoles) live in water
->Larva has gills
-> Adult has lungs
->Vertebrates with scaly skin
->Lay eggs with rubbery shells
Birds
->Vertebrates with feathers
->Forelimbs have become wings
->Lay eggs with hard shells
(waterproof)
->Homeothermi c
-> have a beak
Mammals
->Vertebrates with hair
->Have placenta
->Young feed on milk from mammary glands
-Homeothermic
-Have diaphragm
-Heart has 4 chambers
-Different types of teeth
-Developed cerebral hemisphere

Kingdom: Animals; Phylum: Arthropods includes…
• Crustaceans: Insects:
• Myrapods:
• Arachnids:

includes….
Nematodes: Annelids:
Mollusks:

Adaptations (list of features) of organisms (as above):
Arthropods Annelids Nematodes Molluscs
Myriapods:
- Mandibles / lower jaws helps crush food easily
-Have poison claws
-Produce irritant liquid used against predators
Insects:
-Wings to fly away form predators
- Antenna enhanced sense of smell and taste
- exoskeleton that protest internal organs
Crustaceans:
-Hard outside shell – protection from predators
- legs have 2 endings like claws to catch prey (crabs)
Arachnids :
-Many legs = quick mobility
- have waxy layer on skin allowing to conserve water
- high metabolic rates due to trachea supplying oxygen directly to tissue
-Hermaphroditic therefore faster reproduction
- thin body shape allows them to burrow in the ground easily
-- can re-grow their lost body parts
-Eggs can survive harsh conditions
- parasitic (some) therefore are able to get their nutrition from host organism
- coved in waxy layer that is thick that can protect them in harsh conditions
-Have shells for protection
-Radula used for scraping food from surfaces
(algae)
- closed circulatory systems (makes learning and memory possible – like octopus)
- can camouflage to blend with surroundings
(change color) like octopus

• Phylum: Anthrocerotophyta – (one of many)
( Flowering plants)
• Monocotyledon (Monocots):
• Fibrous roots to uptake more water than Dicots
• Over ground damaged roots can regenerate
• Roots expand like a mat to maximize surface area to exposed minerals
• Dicotyledon (Dicots):
• Larger roots more resistant to damage if pulled
• Well branched / roots go deep underground
• Have thorns for protection (roses)

Plants
•Photosynthesis: take energy from sunlight to make sugar from Carbon
Dioxide and Water
•Chlorophyll: a pigment that captures sunlight and allows photosynthesis to take place.
•Have a cell wall made out of cellulose
•* Flowering plants (sexual reproduction) that gives seeds.
•**Non flowering plants (ferns – asexual reproduction)
•Roots / stems and leaves
Animals
•No photosynthesis
•Gets nutrients by eating plants and or other organisms
•No chlorophyll
•No Cell wall.
•No flowering parts but use sexual reproduction to generate offspring

• What’s a cotyledon?
Parts of the seed – Mono – one part / Di – 2 parts
Monocots Dicots
•Long / sharp leaves
Parallel veins
• Have flowers with number of parts divisible by
3
•Leaves with branching patterns
•Have flowers with number of petals divisible by 4 or 5

Monocot
Dicot

-9
1. Virus attaches to the cell’s surface
2. DNA or RNA of the virus (either /or) *
Nucleic acid =DNA or RNA = genetic material – enters the cell
3. Viral DNA or RNA makes copy of itself using the cell’s own machinery.
4. Outside the nucleus the virus is assembled
5. New viruses leave the cell

• Single cell organism ( prokaryotic )
• Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
• No nucleus

• Do not do photosynthesis /No chlorophyll
• Reproduce via spores
• Saprotropic (secrete enzymes on their food / digest it and then absorb it)
• Feed on dead and waste matter
Myceluim = main body of
Mushroom
Cell wall made up of chitin
Mycelium made up of Hyphe
( small thread like structures that grows where the mushroom is feeding.

Classification of viruses / bacteria / fungi / adaptations adaptation virus
-Can remain dormant for long periods of time
-Has variety of hosts
-Can survive in extreme temperatures bacteria classification -Small 1 nm
-Protein coat
-DNA or RNA in nucleus
-Uses host cell machinery to reproduce
-Not considered living until..
-1000x smaller than animal cell
-Prokayotic
-Has cell wall made of peptidoglycan
--free floating
DNA fungi
-Has mycelium
-Has hyphe
-Cell wall made up of chitin
-Reproduces via spores
-Cell wall allows it to survive and penetrate host cell
-Can grow on what it feeds on
-Sparotrophic
(has enzymes that it excretes to digest waste it feeds on)
-Spores are carried by wind

arthropods insects
•Joint legs
•Hard outer covering
(exoskeleton)
•Exoskeleton:
-Protection
-Supports muscles for movement
• Body divided into segments
• Body divided into: head / thorax (3 segments)/ abdomen
(10/11 segments)
•2 pairs of wings attached to thorax
•Compound eyes
•Pair of antennae
•Grasshopper crustaceans arachnids
• Strong exoskeleton
Due to calcium
• Many pairs of legs
•2 pairs of antennae
•Head/thorax
(cephalothora x) & abdomen
•Crabs
•Cephalothorx and abdomen
•4 pairs of legs
•No Antennae myriapods
•Centipedes
(fast moving predators)
•Millipedes
(slow moving herbavors)
•Long /thin
•Similar segment bodies
•Many pairs of legs
•Pair of antennae

Annelids
• Worms
•Body made up of many segments (rings)
•Earthworms
•Leaches
•No legs
•Some have antennae / visible head
•Chaetae = tiny stiff hairs that help them to grip surface
Nematodes
• Also worms
•Body not divided into segments
•Long / thin / white
•No obvious head / legs
•No Chaetae
•Parasitic
• Some live in digestive system of animals others in soil
Molluscs
•Slugs / snails/ mussels / oisters / Octopus
• Soft bodies
•No segmentation
•Sometimes have hard shell
• Move on soft foot that secretes slimy mucus
•Rough tongue that to scrape leaves that they eat
•Some are filter feeders

• Cladistics – based on DNA / RNA sequencing data