Carbon Nanotubes
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Introduction
Applications
Growth Techniques
Growth Mechanism
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Presented by:
Shishir Rai
What is a Carbon Nanotube?
CNT is a tubular form of carbon with diameter as small as 1nm.
Length: few nm to microns.
CNT is configurationally equivalent to a two dimensional graphene
sheet rolled into a tube.
A CNT is characterized by its Chiral Vector: Ch = n â1 + m â2,
  Chiral Angle with respect to the zigzag axis.
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Armchair (n,m) = (5,5)
 = 30
Zig Zag (n,m) = (9,0)
 = 0
Chiral (n,m) = (10,5)
0 < < 30
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Why do Carbon Nanotubes form?
Carbon
Graphite (Ambient conditions)
sp2 hybridization: planar
Diamond (High temperature and pressure)
sp3 hybridization: cubic
Nanotube/Fullerene (certain growth conditions)
sp2 + sp3 character: cylindrical
Finite size of graphene layer has dangling bonds. These dangling
bonds correspond to high energy states.
Eliminates dangling bonds
Nanotube formation
+
Total Energy
Increases Strain Energy
decreases
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Types of CNTs
 Single Wall CNT (SWCNT)
 Multiple Wall CNT (MWCNT)
 Can be metallic or semiconducting depending
on their geometry.
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CNT Properties
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CNT Properties (cont.)
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CNT: Implications for electronics
 Carrier transport is 1-D.
 All chemical bonds are
satisfied  CNT Electronics not bound to use SiO2 as
an insulator.
 High mechanical and thermal stability and resistance to
electromigration  Current densities upto 109 A/cm2
can be sustained.
 Diameter controlled by chemistry, not fabrication.
 Both active devices and interconnects can be made
from semiconducting and metallic nanotubes.
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Nanotube Growth Methods
a) Arc Discharge b) Laser Abalation
 Involve condensation of C-atoms generated from evaporation of solid
carbon sources. Temperature ~ 3000-4000K, close to melting point of
graphite.
 Both produce high-quality SWNTs and MWNTs.
 MWNT: 10’s of m long, very straight & have 5-30nm diameter.
 SWNT: needs metal catalyst (Ni,Co etc.).
Produced in form of ropes consisting of 10’s of individual nanotubes close
packed in hexagonal crystals.
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Nanotubes Growth Methods
c) Chemical Vapor Deposition:
Hydrocarbon + Fe/Co/Ni catalyst
550-750°C
Steps:
• Dissociation of hydrocarbon.
• Dissolution and saturation
of C atoms in metal nanoparticle.
• Precipitation of Carbon.
Choice of catalyst material?
Base Growth Mode or Tip Growth Mode?
• Metal support interactions
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CNT
Controlled Growth by CVD
Methane + Porous Si + Fe pattern
a)
a)
a)
d)
SEM image of aligned
nanotubes.
SEM image of side view
of towers. Self-alignment
due to Van der Walls
interaction.
High magnification SEM
image showing aligned
nanotubes.
Growth Process: Base
growth mode.
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CVD
Aligned MWNTs
Growth Mechanisms
 Electronic and Mechanical Properties are closely related to the
atomic structure of the tube.
 Essential to understand what controls the size, number of shells,
helicity & structure during synthesis.
 Mechanism should account for the experimental facts: metal
catalyst necessary for SWNT growth, size dependent on the
composition of catalyst, growth temperature etc.
 MWNT Growth Mechanism:
- Open or close ended?
- Lip Lip Interaction Models
 SWNT Growth Mechanism:
- Catalytic Growth Mechanism
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Open-Ended Growth of Multi Walled Nanotube
 Role of Hexagons, Pentagons & Heptagons
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MWNT: The possibilities
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MWNT: Lip-Lip Interaction Model
High Coordinated
C atoms
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Low Coordinated
C atoms
H-atoms
SWNT Growth Mechanism
Is uncatalyzed growth possible?
 Simulations & Observations  No!
 Spontaneous closure at experimental temperatures of 2000K to
3000K.
 Closure reduces reactivity.
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Catalytic SWNT Growth Mechanism
 Transition metal surface decorated
fullerene nucleates SWNT growth
around periphery.
 Catalyst atom chemisorbed onto
the open edge. Catalyst keeps the
tube open by scooting around the
open edge, ensuring and pentagons
and heptagons do not form.
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Conclusion
 Their phenomenal mechanical properties, and unique
electronic properties make them both interesting
as well as potentially useful in future technologies.
 Significant improvement over current state of
electronics can be achieved if controllable growth is
achieved.
 Growth conditions play a significant role in deciding the
electronic and mechanical properties of CNTs.
 Growth Mechanisms yet to be fully established.
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References
 Topics in Applied Physics
Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications
M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, Ph. Avouris
 Carbon Nanotube Electronics
PHAEDON AVOURIS, MEMBER, IEEE, JOERG APPENZELLER, RICHARD MARTEL, AND
SHALOM J. WIND, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE
PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 91, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2003
 Carbon Nanotubes: Single molecule wires
Sarah Burke, Sean Collins, David Montiel, Mikhail Sergeev
 http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov
 Carbon Nanotubes: Introduction to Nanotechnology 2003, Mads Brandbyge.
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