Grade 12 Exercise
Science
The Skeletal System
Terms

Anatomy
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Physiology
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Nervous system
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Circulatory system
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Human skeleton
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The Human Skeleton
 The human skeleton is made
up of _______ bones
 Start with over ___ at birth but
they fuse together over time
 Longest is the femur and
smallest is the stirrup bone
found inside the ear
 Males and Females have
slight differences
 ______________________
______________________
______________________
 ______________________
______________________
______________________
The Skeletal System
 Properties of the Skeletal
System
 Extremely hard and durable
 Bones are composed primarily of
calcium
 Calcium levels vary in people
 Low levels of calcium mean
the bones can become
increasingly brittle and
breakable
 Bones are able to repair
themselves
 Casts, splints, pins and
other aids are often
required for correct healing
process
Functions of the Skeletal System
Structural Support
Protection
Growth centre for cells
Reservoir of minerals
Movement
About Bone …
 Composed of 50% water and 50%
organic and inorganic material
 Elements include: phosphorous, zinc,
calcium, magnesium, fluorine, iron,
chlorine
 Resists compression and tension
 Bound by joints (through ligaments)
 Muscles attach to bone (through
tendons) to produce movement
5 Types of Bones
 Bones are classified according to their shape
 Long Bones
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 The femur is the best example of a long bone
Short Bones
 ___________________________________________________
 Carpal bones are a good example
Flat Bones
 ___________________________________________________
Irregular Bones
 ___________________________________________________
Sesamoid bones
 Unusual bones in that they are small, flat bones wrapped within
tendons that move over boney surfaces. Example patella
Types of Bones
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Long Bone Anatomy
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4vXr9IuPVc
 Cartilage
 _______________________________________________
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 Cancellous bone (spongy bone)
 ______________________________________________________
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 Compact bone
 ______________________________________________________
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Long Bone Anatomy
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4vXr9IuPVc
 Medullary cavity
 ________________________________________________________
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 Periosteum
 ________________________________________________________
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 Epiphysis
 ________________________________________________________
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 Diaphysis
 ________________________________________________________
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Structure of The Skeleton
 Axial Skeleton
 Appendicular Skeleton
Structure of The Skeleton
 Axial Skeleton
 Appendicular Skeleton
 _______________________
 _______________________
 _______________________
 _______________________
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 _______________________
 _______________________
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 _______________________
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Tendons and Ligaments
 Tendons – __________________________________
 Ligament – _________________________________
Types of Fractures

Stress fracture – ________________________________

Simple fracture – __________________________________________

Compound fracture – _________________________________________

Comminuted fracture – _______________________________________
Simple
fracture
Compound
fracture
Comminuted
fracture
Epiphyseal Plates and Lines
 Epiphyseal plates (growth plates)
 __________________________
Epiphyseal
line
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
 __________________________
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 Epiphyseal lines
 __________________________
__________________________
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__________________________
 __________________________
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Epiphyseal
plate
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this
material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and
Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Habits and Behaviours That Help Maintain and
Strengthen our Skeletal System
 Average person: ???
 To prevent Osteoporosis:
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Bone Formation and Bone Remodeling
 Bone Formation
 Compact bone:
 ___________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________
 Cancellous bone: (e.g. skull)
 ___________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________
 ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
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Bone Formation and Bone Remodeling
 Bone Remodeling
 ______________________________________________
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 Most active during early years
 Declines after mid 30 at at rate of 5-10% every 10 years