LECTURE I :
GENERAL
INTRODUCTION
Intestinal Ca2+-binding protein!
INTRODUCTION
Do you want to solve/memecahkan problems of
life ?,
at what level ?
• Poverty/kemiskinan
• Unemployment/tdk punya pekerjaan
• Environmental Degradation/lingkungan yang
berdegradasi
• Catastrophes (Flood & Drought)/bencana alam,
musim kemarau
• Diseases (Avian Flu)/penyakit
• Food Shortage/Starvation (Kwashiorkor) /kekurangan
makanan, mati kelaparan
HOW TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS ?
• It is important first to understand living
systems (how the system works)
– the chemical elements which make up plant
body
– the function of each element in the life process
– the interaction between elements in the life
process
• A better understanding of living systems
would help to identify a problem in the life
process, and to initiate a way to solve the
problem
THE BUILDING ELEMENTS OF
LIFE
• Plant Level
– Leaves, Stems/batang & Roots
• Organ Level
– Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Nucleus etc.
• Molecular Level
– Enzymes, Carbohydrates, Energy
Molecules, etc
What is Plant Biochemsitry/biokimia ?
• Definition.
– Biochemistry is the study of the process of
plant life on a chemical/kimia level
– Plant Biochemistry, or the chemistry of living
plants, is the study of molecular basis/dasar of
plant life or the study of the way in which
chemical components are
synthesized/berkumpul and utilized/digunakan
by plants in the life process (growth &
development/berkembang).
ABSTRACT
The core/inti of biochemistry is the
conversion/perubahan of substrates to be
products through/selesai biochemical reactions
which catalyzed by enzymes in most
cases/kotak2.
Therefore/oleh karena itu, the course/rangkaian
of plant biochemistry is started with the
discussion/pembicaraan of enzymes which is then
followed by carbohydrate metabolism, energy
molecule metabolism, nitrogen metabolism
(amino acids), lipid metabolism, nucleic
acid/asam nukleosida metabolism, protein
synthesis.
Objectives and Competency
• Objectives /tujuan
– The main objectives of this course is to
consolidate/menggabungkan the knowledge of
students on the basic molecules of plant life, and
to increase/tambahan their understanding on the
metabolism of the basic molecules.
• Competency/kemampuan
– Students taking this course would be competent in
describing the life of plants from the
standpoint/sudut of biochemistry which
competency could be used to initiate/memulai
ways to improve/memperbaiki the growth of
plants or to solve problems in plant growth.
The Core/inti of Plant
Biochemsitry
1.
Isolation/pengasingan and Identification
– Biochemistry is firstly
concerned/memperhatikan with the isolation
and identification of all different substances
which make up plant and animal organisms
– A living organism is composed/susunan of
more than just fats/lemak, carbohydrates and
protein. Hundreds of other substances are
necessary/kebutuhan to the proper/tepat
functioning of the organisms
2. Chemical Changes
– Secondly, biochemistry is
concerned/memperhatikan with all
chemical changes which take
place in the cells to
provide/menyediakan for energy,
growth, reproduction, and aging.
– Protoplasm is an aqueous/encer
solution of certain/pasti
substances with other
colloidally/koloid
dispersed/mengedarkan
substances
BASIC PRINCIPLE
Living organisms, whether/tahukah
they are plants, animals or microbes,
are made up basically of the same
chemical components
Biochemical Reactions
SUBSTRACT(S) + ENZYME
PRODUCT(S)
Breakthroughs/pemecahan in
Biochemistry
Two notable/khusus breakthroughs in the
history of biochemistry
1. Discovery/penemuan of the role/peran of
enzymes as catalysts
2. Identification of nucleic acids as
information molecules
Flow/arus of information: from nucleic acids
to proteins
DNA
RNA
Protein
COURSE/bagian SUBJECTS
1. ENZYME
2. CARBOHYDRATE
3. METABOLIC
ENERGY
4. NITROGEN
5. BIOLOGICAL
NITROGEN
FIXATION
6. LIPID
7. NUCLEIC ACID
8. PROTEIN
REFERENCES
1. Conn, E.E. & Stumpf, P.K., 1976. Outlines of
Biochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. Goodwin, T.W. & Mercer, E.I., Introduction to
Plant Biochemistry. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
3. Stryer, L., 1975.
Biochemistry.
W.H.
Freeman and Company, San Francisco
4. Wood, W.B., Wilson, J.H., Benbow, R.M., &
Hood, L. E., 1981. Biochemistry A Problems
Approach.
5. Wood, J.H, Keehan, C.W., Bull, W.E. and
Bowman, N.S., 1963. Fundamentals of
College Chemistry. A Harper International
edition, Harper & Row, NY, Evanston &
London and John Weatherhill, Inc., Tokyo
Examples of Plant
Biochemistry
What is Cloning?
• Cloning is to make a genetically
identical organism through non-sexual
means.
• Cloning of African violets:
• Take a leaf from a plant
• Immerse/celupkan the
stalk/tangkai in water
What is Cloning?
• Roots start to form after a week
• Pot/ the plant
• A new plant
is produced
How Dolly was cloned?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Removed : dihilangkan
Enucleated :
Udder : ambing
Fused : digabungkan
Implant : penanaman
Surrogate : ibu pengganti
Lamb : anak domba
Sel telur
Sel
induk
Sel telur dengan inti dari induk
yang berkembang menjadi anak
domba yang sama dengan
induknya
ADENIUM OBESUM '
CHERRY'
Grafted/cangkokan
Desert Rose
Family : Apocynaceae
Origin : East Africa
Size : 5'
Light
Requirements/syarat :
Full Sun/Light
Shade/tempat
Water Requirements :
Keep Dry
Min. Temp. : 35°
Flower : Year
Round/sepanjang tahun
3
2
+
O
OH
A
4
B
1
5
6
C
OH
OH
ANTHOCYANIDIN
Sex & Genetics
The traits/sifat inherited/mewarisi from both parents are
determined/menentukan by genes in DNA
Genetic Inheritance & DNA
Short segment/ruas
of a DNA molecule
• Two polynucleotides
associate/sekutu to form
a double helix
• Genetic information is
carried/diangkat by the
sequence/rangkaian of
base/dasar
pairs/pasangan
Penyakit encok (gout) yang
mengakibatkan radang pada persendian
adalah akibat akumulasi asam urat
• Radang sendi dipicu
oleh presipitasi
kristal urat natrium
(sodium urate
crystals)
• Penyakit Ginjal
dapat juga terjadi
karena deposisi
kristal urat dalam
organ tersebut
Gugur daun
• Perusakan dinding sel
pada lapisan absisi oleh
aktivitas enzim Cellulase
dan Polygalacturonase
• Sintesis kedua enzim
tersebut terhambat jika
kadar hormon tumbuh
auxin cukup tinggi
Auxin
Ethylene
Cellulase/Polygalacturonase
• Transpor auxin dari tempat pembentukan pada
bagian ujung daun ke lapisan absisi dihambat
oleh hormon ethylene
THE NARCOTIC/obat bius
ANALGESICS
• Narcotics block the transmission of the
nerve/urat syaraf signal across/jarak lintas
nerve gaps/celah, [the minor/kecil
analgesics blocked prostaglandin
synthesis]
• The more important ones:
– Morphine, codeine,
– oxycodone (PERCODAN), hydromorphone
(DILAUDID), methadone, + heroin [ = not legal]
– meperidine (DEMEROL), pentazocine
(TALWIN),
– fentanyl (SUBLIMAZE), buprenorphine
(BUPRENEX)
• Morphine:
– Opium/candu [est. ~ 10,000 tons]
extracted from the poppy/bunga madat
Papaver somniferum, Afghanistan
spring/musim semi 06 6100 tons alone.
Morphine goes to receptors (opiate receptors) which
control passage/penerima of Ca2+ and K +
through/terusan channels, which in turn/giliran
control acetylcholine (nerve/syaraf transmitter)
flow/aliran across/jarak lintas synapses.
DEPRESSES/tekanan RESPIRATORY/pernapasan
SYSTEM - usual overdose effect; some euphoria plus is addictive/bahan tambahan
Cyanide/sianida Poisoning/racun
• Disrupts/mengganggu metabolism by
inhibiting/menghalangi metal/logam
containing/berisi enzymes, most
notably/khususnya, cytochrome oxidase.
• Cytochrome A3 catalyzes O2  H2O
• Blocks ability/kemampuan of mitochondria to use
O2
• O2 saturation/penjenuhan may be normal
• Poisoning can occur/terjadi through/terusan
percutaneous absorption and
inhalation/pernapasan.
• Degree/sedikit demi sedikit of symptoms/gejala
depends/bergantung on severity/kekerasan of
exposure./pencahayaan
Cyanide Poisoning
• Antidote/penangkal racun
– Nitrites and Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Nitrite
Oxyhemoglobin
Rhodanase
Methemoglobin
Cyano-methemoglobin
Sodium Thiosulfate
Thiocyanate
Kidneys
CYTOCHROME
OXIDASE
CN
What is Biodiesel?
•
•
•
•
Alternative fuel/bahan bakar for diesel engines
Made from vegetable oil or animal fat
Meets health effect testing (CAA)
Lower emissions/pengeluaran, High flash point
(>300F), Safer
• Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.
• Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl
esters produced usually from triglyceride esters
FA
Fatty Acid
Alcohol
Glycerin
FA
FA
FA
Biodiesel
Vegetable Oil
Biodiesel Samples
Chemistry of Triglycerides
• Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride
with a monohydroxy alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol…).
• What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of
glycerol and three fatty acids:
Transesterification
While/walaupun actually a multi-step process, the overall reaction looks
like this:
CH2OOR1
|
CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH
|
CH2OOR3
Triglyceride
catalyst

 3CH3OORx
3 Methanols
Biodiesel
CH2OH
|
+ CHOH
|
CH2OH
Glycerin
R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups (could be different, or the
same), and depend on the type of oil. The fatty acids involved
determine the final properties of the biodiesel (cetane number, cold
flow properties, etc.)
Individual step of Transesterification
First step, triglyceride turned into diglyceride, methoxide (minus Na)
joins freed FA to make biodiesel, Na joins OH from water (from
methoxide formation) to make NaOH. Other H joins the diglyceride.
H O
| |
HCOR1
|
HCOOR2
|
HCOR3
|
|
H O
H
|
HCO
H
|
+ HCONa
|
H
+H2O
Triglyceride + Methoxide + H2O

H O
|
| |
CHOOR2 + HCOR1 + NaOH
|
|
HCOR3
H
|
|
H O
 Diglyceride + Biodiesel + NaOH
NOTES TO REMEMBER
Functional groups in biochemistry
• Functional groups - specific parts of molecules
involved/meliputi in biochemical reactions
• Figure 1.2 shows the general formulas of:
(a) Organic compounds
(b) Functional groups
(c) Linkages/hubungan common/keadaan in
biochemistry
(R represents/mewakili an alkyl group
(CH3CH2)n-)
Fig 1.2 (a) General formulas
Fig 1.2(b) General Formulas
Fig 1.2 (c) General Formulas
Many Important Biomolecules are
Polymers
• Biopolymers - macromolecules created by
joining many smaller organic molecules
(monomers)
• Condensation reactions join monomers
(H2O is removed in the process)
• Residue - each monomer in a chain/rantai