Chapter 2
The Human Body in
Health and Disease
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Anatomic Reference Systems
• Describe the location and functions of body
parts using:
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Body planes
Body directions
Body cavities
Structural units
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Standard Anatomical Position
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ANTERIOR VS POSTERIOR
• Anterior refers to the front of the
body
• Posterior refers to the back of the
body
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BODY PLANES
• LINE THROUGH THE BODY
AT VARIOUS PARTS TO
SEPARATE THE BODY INTO
SECTIONS
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TRANSVERSE PLANE
• ONE OF THREE MAIN
PLANES
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TRANSVERSE PLANE
• DIVIDES BODY INTO TOP
AND BOTTOM HALF
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CORONAL PLANE
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SUPERIOR
• BODY PARTS ABOVE OTHER
PARTS
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INFERIOR
• BODY PARTS BELOW OTHER
PARTS
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CAUDAL
• BODY PARTS LOCATED
NEAR THE SACRAL REGION
OF THE SPINAL COLUMN OR
TAIL
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CRANIAL
• BODY PARTS LOCATED
NEAR THE HEAD
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MIDSAGITTAL OR MEDIAN
PLANE
• SECOND OF THREE PLANES
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MIDSAGITTAL OR MEDIAN
PLANE
• DIVIDES THE BODY INTO
RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES
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MEDIAL
• BODY PARTS CLOSE TO
MIDLINE OR PLANE
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LATERAL
• BODY PARTS AWAY FROM
THE MIDLINE OR PLANE
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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
VENTRAL OR ANTERIOR
• BODY PARTS IN FRONT OF THE BODY
• ANTERIOR IS THE TERM FOR DIRECTION
• VENTRAL IS THE TERM FOR MOVEMENT
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DORSAL OR POSTERIOR
• BODY PARTS IN BACK OF THE BODY
• POSTERIOR IS THE TERM OF DIRECTION
• DORSAL IS THE TERM OF MOVEMENT
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PROXIMAL
• BODY PARTS CLOSE TO THE POINT O R
REFERENCE
• EXAMPLE MAIN TRUNK OF THE BODY IS A
POINT OF REFERENCE TO THE ARMS AND
LEGS
• EXAMPLE : THE NOSE IS PROXIMAL TO
THE SHOULDER
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DISTAL
• BODY PARTS AWAY FROM THE POINT OF
REFERENCE
• EXAMPLE: TOES ARE DISTAL TO THE
THIGH
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Major Body Cavities
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Quadrants of the Abdomen
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Regions of the Thorax and
Abdomen
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Cytology
• The study of the formation, structure, and
function of cells, including:
– Chromosomes
– DNA
– Genetics
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Histology
• The study of tissues, which are composed
of cells that join together to perform
specific functions, including:
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Nervous Tissue
Epithelial Tissues
Connective Tissues
Muscle Tissue
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Glands
• Specialized cells that secrete material used
elsewhere in the body, including:
– Exocrine Glands
– Endocrine Glands
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Organ and Body Systems
• Body parts are organized into systems
according to function.
• Examples:
– Skeletal System
– Muscular System
– Cardiovascular System
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Pathology
• The study of structural and functional
changes caused by disease.
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CHROMOSOMES
• The nucleus of each cell contains 46
chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs
• Sex cells are known as gametes
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