Norma Cruz, Carla Pohl,
Carlos Varela, Jose Joaquin Rosales
1. STATES OF MATTER
 Solid: a substance with a definite shape and
volume.
 Liquid: a substance with a definite volume but no
definite shape.
 Gas: a substance with neither shape or volume.
Solids
 The particles of a solid are packed together and
vibrate in the same place. This makes them have a
definite shape and volume.
There are two types of solids:
 Crystalline solids
 Amorphous solids
Types of Solids
 Crystalline Solids: Have a regular repeating pattern
that create crystals. They melt at a specific
temperature.
 Amorphous solids: Particles are not in a regular
pattern. They do not melt at a specific temperature.
They only become softer or change substances.
Liquids
Liquid particles are packed almost as closely as in a solid.
But the particles move around one another freely.
Because its particles are free to move, a liquid has no
definite shape. But it has a definite volume.
Liquids are fluids. A fluid is a substance that flows.
Properties of Liquids
Liquids have surface tension. Surface tension is the result
of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that
brings the molecule on the surface closer together.
Water molecules attract one another strongly together.
Another property of liquids is viscosity. Viscosity is a
liquid´s resistance to flowing.
Gases
 Gas is a state of matter with no definite shape or
volume.
 As they move, gas particles spread apart, filling all the
space available.
 Gases are also fluids.
2. CHANGES OF STATE
MELTING
VAPORIZATION
Melting
Point
Solid
Boiling
Point
Liquid
FREEZING
Gas
CONDENSATION
SUBLIMATION
Changes Between Solid and Liquid
Melting is the change in state from a solid to a liquid. Melting
occurs at a specific temperature, called the melting. At its
melting point, the particles of solid substance are vibrating so
rapidly that they break free from their positions.
Notice that in the upper left side of the picture shown below,
particles are close in fixed positions. When the substance
melts, particles move freely like in the lower right side of the
picture.
Changes Between Solid and Liquid
Freezing is the change of state from liquid to solid. At its
freezing temperature, the particles of a liquid are
moving so slowly that they begin to form regular
patterns. The picture below shows how particles
change their motion.
Changes Between Liquid and Gas
Vaporization is a change from liquid to gas. It takes place
when the particles of a liquid gain enough energy to
form a gas. There are two types of vaporization:
Evaporation: Vaporization that takes part only at the
surface.
Boiling: Boiling occurs when a liquid changes to a gas
below its surface as well as at the surface.
Changes Between Liquid and Gas
Condensation is the change of state from gas to liquid.
Occurs when particles in a gas lose enough thermal
energy to form a liquid.
Changes Between Solid and Gas
When particles of a solid gain enough energy that they
form a gas state directly is called sublimation. During
sublimation, particles of a solid don’t pass through the
liquid state as they form a gas.
3. GAS BEHAVIOR
When working with a gas, it is helpful to know its
volume, temperature, and pressure.
Volume is the amount of space that matter occupies.
Temperature is the measure of the average energy of
motion of the particles of a substance.
Pressure is the force exerted on a surface divided by the
total area over which the force is exerted (Pressure=
Force ÷ Area).
Pressure and Volume
Scientist Robert Boyle found that when the pressure of a
gas at constant temperature is increased, the volume
of the gas decreases. When the pressure is decreased,
the volume increases. This relationship between
pressure and volume of gas is called Boyle’s Law.
Pressure and Temperature
When the temperature of a gas at constant volume is
increased, the pressure of the gas increases. When the
temperature is decreased, the pressure of the gas
decreases.
Volume and Temperature
French scientist Jacques Charles found that when the
temperature of a gas is increased at constant pressure,
its volume increases. When the temperature of a gas is
decreased at constant pressure, its volume decreases.
This is Charles´s Law.
4. GRAPHING GAS BEHAVIOR
Temperature and Volume
The graph of Charles´s
law shows that the volume
of gas is directly
proportional to its kelvin
temperature under
constant pressure.
Pressure and Volume
The graph of Boyle’s
law shows that the
pressure of a gas
varies inversely with
its volume at
constant
temperature.
VOLUME (ML)