DATA PROCESSING &
DATA ANALYSIS
Data
Data
The word data is derived from Latin language. It is plural of
Datum (But Data is usually used as a singular term.) Datum
(singular) – Data (plural). Data is any collection of facts. The
data is the raw material to be processed by a computer.
E
Examples
Names of students, marks obtained in the examination,
Name of employees, addresses, quantity, rate, sales figures.
Even pictures, photographs, drawings, charts and maps can
be treated as data.
Computer processes the data and produces the output or
result.
Qualitative
Quantitative
Qualitative vs Quantitative Data
Qualitative Data
Qualitative → Quality
Deals with descriptions.
WARD
Quantitative Data
Quantitative → Quantity
Deals with numbers.
NUMBER
Data can be observed but not
measured
Data which can be measured
Colors, textures, smells, tastes,
appearance, beauty, etc.
Length, height, area, volume,
weight, speed, time,
temperature, humidity, sound
levels, cost, members, ages, etc.
Example 1: Oil Painting
Qualitative Data
Quantitative Data
red/green color
picture is 70 cm by 30 cm
gold frame
frame 80 cm by 40 cm
smells old and musty
weighs 3 kg
Texture shows brush strokes of oil paint
peaceful scene of the country
Surface area of painting is 210 sq. cm
cost $ 300
Example 2: Latte
Qualitative Data
Quantitative Data
robust aroma
30 gm of latte
frothy appearance
serving temperature 100 oC
strong taste
serving cup 10 cm in height
glass cup
cost $ 4.95
Make one qualitative observation about the picture above.
Explain why this is a qualitative observation.
Make one quantitative observation about the picture above.
Explain why this is a quantitative observation.
Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is focused on how people feel,
what they think and why they make certain
choices.
 Qualitative research produces observations, notes,
and descriptions of behavior and motivation.
 Qualitative research methods answer questions
beginning with words like “when”, “where”, “how
many”, and “how often”.
 For example, if you are thinking of changing your
branding you would carry out qualitative research
to see what emotional reactions people have to
the new identity and what they associate it with.

Quantitative Research
Quantitative research can gather a large
amount of data that can be easily
organized and manipulated into reports
for analysis.
 For example, if you wanted to know how
many of your customers support a
proposed change in your products or
service and how strongly (on a scale) they
support it.

Data Processing
Once data is collected, it is processed to
convert it into useful information.
The main purpose of data processing is to get
the required result.
Any operation or set of operations performed
upon data, whether or not by automatic means,
such as collection, recording, organization,
storage, adaptation or alteration to convert it
into useful information.
Data Processing
1.Input
2.Processing
3.Output
Data processing
1. Input
It is the process through which collected data is transformed into a
form that computer can understand.
Input step, following activities can be performed as follow:
i) Verification
The collected data is verified to determine whether it is
correct as required. For example, the collected data of all B.Sc.
students that appeared in final examination of the university is
verified. If errors occur in collected data, data is corrected or it is
collected again.
ii) Coding
The verified data is coded or converted into machine
readable form so that it can be processed through computer.
iii) Storing
The data is stored on the secondary storage into a file. The
stored data on the storage media will be given to the program as
input for processing.
Data Processing
2.Processing
The term processing denotes the actual data manipulation techniques such as
classifying, sorting, calculating, summarizing, comparing, etc. that
convert data into information.
i) Classification
The data is classified into different groups and subgroups, so that each group or subgroup of data can be handled separately.
ii) Storing
The data is arranged into an order so that it can be accessed very quickly as and when
required.
iii) Calculations
The arithmetic operations are performed on the numeric data to get the required
results. For example, total marks of each student are calculated.
iv) Summarizing
The data is processed to represent it in a summarized form. ft means that the
summary of data is prepared for top management. For example, the summary of the
data of student is prepared to show the percentage of pass and fail student
examination etc.
Data Processing
3. Output
The output is stored on the storage media for later user. In output step,
following activities can be performed.
i) Retrieval
Output stored on the storage media can be retrieved at any time.
For example, result of students is prepared and stored on the disk.This
result can be retrieved when required for different purposes.
ii) Conversion
The generated output can be converted into different forms. For
example, it can be represented into graphical form.
iii) Communication
The generated output is sent to different places. For example,
weather forecast is prepared and. sent to different agencies and
newspapers etc. where it is required.
Types of Data Processing
1.Manual Data
Processing:
2.Elctronic
Data
Processing
3.Real time processing
1. Manual Data Processing:
This method of data processing involves human
intervention. The manual process of data entry
implies many opportunities for errors, such as delays
in data capture, as every single data field has to be
keyed in manually, a high amount of operator
misprints or typos, high labor costs from the amount
of manual labor required.
Manual processing also implies higher labor expenses
in regards to spending for equipment and supplies,
rent, etc.
2.EDP
EDP (electronic data processing), an
infrequently used term for what is
today
usually
called
"IS"
(information services or systems) or
"MIS" (management information
services or systems), is the
processing of data by a computer
and its programs in an environment
involving electronic communication.
3.Real Time Processing
In a real time processing, there is a continual
input, process and output of data. Data has to be
processed in a small stipulated time period (real
time), otherwise it will create problems for the
system.
For example, when a bank customer withdraws a
sum of money from his or her account it is vital
that the transaction be processed and the
account balance updated as soon as possible,
allowing both the bank and customer to keep
track of funds.
Computer Processing Operations
(b) Calculation and text manipulation Operations
Computer circuits perform
calculations on numbers.They are
also capable of manipulating
numerics and other symbols used in
text with equal efficiency.