HS 200

Turn in at front table:
Service Project (Attach rubric to the
front)
Online reading Quiz
Today:
Finish Cardiovascular Disease (Ch. 12)
Alcohol Use and Abuse ((Ch. 8)
1
Introduction
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the ___leading
cause of death in the U.S.
• ___American dies from CVD every 33 seconds
• Nearly ___ %of all Americans will die from CVD
• CVD is the ________cause of death for both
men and women
2
Cardiovascular System
• Heart, blood vessels, hormones, enzymes
and wastes.
• Four chambers (size of a fist).
– Upper chambers (Atriums).
– Lower chambers (Ventricles).
– Vena cava- Largest Vein
– Aorta- Largest Artery
3
p. 279 Text
4
Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease
• Hypertension - may cause damage even before it
is ever detected.
• Atherosclerosis - narrowed by fatty deposits.
• Heart Attack - Vessels in the heart become
blocked.
• Stroke - Impeded blood supply to a part of the
brain.
• Congestive Heart Failure - Blood backs up in the
veins leading to the heart.
Cont>>>>
5
Major Forms of Cardiovascular
Disease cont….
• Angina Pectoris - Chest pain; heart doesn’t get
enough O2. (Kehr’s sign.).
• Arrhythmia’s - Abnormal Heartbeat - Disruption
of the electrical system - can lead to sudden
death.
6
Risk Factors
• Contributing Risk Factors
• Six Major Risk Factors that can be changed.
– Tobacco use.
– Physical inactivity.
– Obesity
– High blood pressure.
– Diabetes (Doubles the risk of CVD)
– High levels of cholesterol.
• LDL’s and HDL’s
7
Protecting Yourself Against CVD
•
•
•
•
•
•
Total Fats less than 30%
Low Saturated Fats
Increased Dietary Fiber
Moderation of Alcohol
No smoking
Omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, folic acid,
vitamin B-6 & B-12,soy protein, and total
calories.
» Continued……
8
Protecting Yourself Against CVD
•
•
•
•
Moderate physical activity
Blood pressure monitored twice a year
Control Cholesterol levels
Effective means of controlling stress
9
Practice Diaphragmic Breathing
Pay attention to your thoughts
Practice MINDFULNESS
10
11
12
How Cancer Spreads
• Metastasis: Primary tumor
– Definition: the spreading of cancer cells,
occurs because cancer cells do not stick to
each other as strongly as normal cells.
• Cells break away from primary tumor and invade
surrounding tissues or travel through the blood and
lymphatic system.
• Secondary tumor or metastases
13
14
Types of Cancer
• Malignant Tumors
– Classified according to the types of cells.
• Initially retain some of the original properties of the
host cell.
• Carcinomas - most common - start from the
epithelial tissue that cover body surfaces. Linings,
tubes, cavities and secretion glands.
15
Malignant Tumors
• Sarcomas: arise in connective and fibrous
tissues. Bone, muscle, cartilage and
membranes covering muscle or fat.
• Lymphomas: Cancers of the lymph nodes.
• Leukemia: cancer of the blood-forming
cells in bone marrow.
16
The Incidence of Cancer
• 1.3 million Americans are diagnosed
yearly
• More than half will be cued.
• About 40% will die as a result of cancer.
• 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will be
develop cancer during their lifetime.
17
18
Common Cancers
• Lung Cancer: Most common cancer.
– Risk Factors
• Tobacco smoking contributes to 87%.
– Combined with environmental carcinogens multiply by 10.
– Detection and Treatment (Difficult to detect)
• Symptoms are not detected until cancer has reached
the invasive stage.
• Persistent cough, chest pain, or recurring bronchitis.
• Diagnosis - chest x-ray or sputum examination - fiberoptic bronchosectomy.
19
Common Cancers
• Lung Cancer treatment:
– Difficult to treat.
– Surgery- removal of involved cells.
– Typically- cancer cells have already spread.
– Very resistant to chemotherapy.
20
Common Cancers
• Colon and Rectal- second most prevalent
cancer.
– Risk Factors
• Directly linked to diet and genetic predisposition.
• Mostly occurs after 50 yr. of age.Diet low in fat and
High in fiber - best defense.
• Up to 1/3 of the population is genetically prone.
– Detection and Treatment
21
Common Cancers
• Breast Cancer - Second most common
cancer in women; 1:9 American women
will have it during her lifetime.
– Risk Factors
• Most common in women over 50
• 5 year survival rate is 79%
• “Disease of Civilization”
• Common causes: Genetic predisposition; High fat,
High calorie diet and Sedentary lifestyle, Alcohol use,
early onset of menstruation, First child after 30 and
obesity
• Estrogen -cancer in estrogen-responsive sites
– Detection and Treatment
22
Common Cancers
• Breast Cancer -.
– Three part program for early detection.
• Monthly breast self-exam for all women over 20.
• Clinical breast exam by a physician every 3 yr.
• Mammography- Every 1-2 years 40-50 yr. old.
– Over 50 every year.
– New Strategies for Treatment and Prevention
23
Common Cancers
• Prostate Cancer - Most common cancer in
men. Third leading cause of cancer deaths
in men
– Risk Factors - Age, diet, lifestyle and genetic
predisposition
– Early detection is key. PSA Blood test
– Treatment - surgical removal of the prostate
and radiation
24
Common Cancers
• Female Reproductive Tract: Uterus, Cervix or
Ovaries.
– Cervical cancer - sexually transmitted.
• 80% stems from infection by the papillomavirus transmitted by unprotected sex.
• PAP Test
– Cervical cancer most common in women in their
20’s and 30’s.
• Factors: sexual intercourse before 18, multiple sex
partners, cigarette smoking and low socioeconomic status.
25
Common Cancers
• Uterine, or Endometrial:
– Occurs after 55
– Determined by Pelvic Exam
– Treatment is surgery
• Ovarian Cancer: Difficult to detect and
diagnosis, No warning signs
– Family history or genetic factors
– Determined by Pelvic Exam
– Treatment is surgery & radiation
26
Common Cancers
• Skin Cancer: Most common form
–
–
–
–
Easily detected and highly curable
Exposure to ultraviolet rays during childhood
Common cause - sunburns and suntans
Types:
• Basal and Squamous
• Melanoma - more dangerous form
– Prevention
– Detection and Treatment
27
28
Common Cancers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Oral Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Stomach Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Kidney Cancer
Brain Cancer
29
Common Cancers
• Leukemia:
– Cancers of the blood forming tissues
– Abnormal production of immature white blood
cells; rapidly growing cells displace red blood
cell precursors
– Immature WBC’s cannot fight off infections
– Risk factors are unknown
30
Common Cancers
• Lymphoma
– Arising from the lymph cells
• Hodgkin’s disease
• Non-Hodgkin’s disease
• Multiple Myeloma
– Malignant plasma cells produce tumors in the
bone marrow.
• Leads to anemia, excessive bleeding and
decreased resistance to infection
31
The Cause of Cancer
• The Role of DNA
– Each cells has 23 pairs of chromosomes
• Each controls the way a cell will work
• A gene
• DNA Mutations and Cancer
–
–
–
–
Changes the way the cells function
Mutagens
Oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
• Hereditary Risks
32
Links to Cancer
• Foods:
– Both carcinogens and compounds that provide
protection
•
•
•
•
Dietary Fat and Meat (Saturated Fats)
Alcohol
Dietary Fiber
Fruits and Vegetables
– Anticarcinogens
– Carotenoids
– Antioxidants versus Free radicals
• Phytochemicals
• Sulforaphane
33
Foods That Contain CancerPreventing• Substances
Kale
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Broccoli
Brussels sprouts
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Carrots
Red peppers
Tomato
Sweet potato
Collard greens
Green Tea
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Spinach
Apricot
Cantaloupe
Grapefruit
Orange
Papaya
Peach
Plum
Watermelon
34
Links to Cancer
• Inactivity and Obesity
– Linked to colon cancer
• Benefits of Physical Activity
35
Carcinogens in the Environment
• Ingested Chemicals
• Environmental and Industrial pollution
• Radiation
36
Detecting, Diagnosing, and
Treating Cancer
• Detecting
– Self-monitoring
• Diagnosing
– Biopsy
– Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
– Computed tomography (CT)
– Ultrasonography
37
Detecting Cancer
•
•
•
•
•
Self Monitoring is Essential
C Change in bowel or bladder habits
A A sore that does not heal
U Unusual bleeding or discharge
T Thickening or lump in breasts or
elsewhere
• I Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
• O Obvious change in a wart or mole
• N Nagging cough or hoarseness
38
39
Detecting, Diagnosing and
Treating Cancer
• Treatment:
– Surgery
– Chemotherapy
– Radiation Therapy
• New and Experimental
– Gene therapy
– Bone marrow and Stem Cell transplants
– Biological therapies
40
Cancer Survivors
•
•
•
•
Must live with fear of recurrence
Face prejudice from health insurers
Psychological support is important
Financial impact
41
Prevention
• Lifestyle choices
– Avoid tobacco
– Control diet and weight
– Regular exercise
– Protecting skin from the sun
– Avoiding environmental and occupational
carcinogens
– Regular self exams
– Medical screenings
– Be aware of the early signs and symptoms
42
Thanks!!!!!!!
43