Biology E.O.C. Review
Brinkman and Shepherd
Men in Science
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)

Anton van
Leeuwenhoek (1632 1723) was a Dutch
tradesman and
scientist, best known
for his work on the
development and
improvement of the
microscope.
Robert Hooke- Discovered cells.

In 1665, the English
physicist Robert
Hooke looked at a
sliver of cork through
a microscope lens and
noticed some "pores"
or "cells" in it.
Gregor Mendel

Gregor Mendel was an
Austrian monk who
discovered the basic
principles of heredity
through experiments
in his garden. Using
Pea Plants.
Francesco Redi – Disproving the Theory
of Spontaneous Generation

The Francesco Redi
Experiment

Francesco Redi was able
to disprove the theory
that maggots could be
spontaneously generated
from meat using a
controlled experiment.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

He debunked the widely
accepted myth
of spontaneous
generation.
Watson and Crick discover chemical structure
of DNA
 determined
that
the structure of
DNA was a
double-helix
polymer, or a
spiral of two DNA
strands
Early Concepts of Evolution: Jean
Baptiste Lamarck
 Lamarck
believed
that the long necks
of giraffes evolved
as generations of
giraffes reached for
ever higher leaves.
Charles Darwin- Sailed to the Galapagos
on the H.M.S. Beagle
 Darwin's
theory of
evolution by
natural selection.
 Survival
of the
Fittest.
 Wrote
the book,
“Origin of Species.”
Carl Linnaeus- famous for his work in
Taxonomy

Carl Linnaeus is
famous for his work in
Taxonomy, the
science of identifying,
naming and classifying
organisms (plants,
animals, bacteria,
fungi, etc.).
Alexander Fleming
Biologist, Scientist (1881–1955)
 Discovery
and
Development of
Penicillin.
 First
Anti-biotic.
ECOLOGY REVIEW
The
study of the
environment.
Biomass Pyramid- Only 10% of energy
goes to next feeding (trophic) level.

Producers (Autotrophs)
are base of the pyramid.

Herbivores- Eats Plants.

Omnivores- Eats both
Plants and Animals.

Carnivores- Eats Meats.

DetrivoresDecomposers.
Environmental Factors
Biotic Factors- Living
factors in the
environment.
 Deer
 Humans
 Trees
 Plants
 Fungi
 Bacteria


Abiotic Factors- Nonliving factors in the
environment.

Rocks

Soil

Temperature

Water

Wind

pH
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

Food Chain- Direct Feeding
Relationship.

Food WebInterconnected Food
Chain.
Biomes
Population Growth- Carrying capacity is the
maximum # of organisms an environment can hold.
Ecological Succession-
Primary (starts with no life)
and Secondary (life existed, then disappeared and other
organisms took over)
Cells- The basic building block of all
living organisms.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell

Has no Nucleus

Has Nucleus

No Membrane Bound Organelles

Membrane Bound Organelles

Has Capsule
Bacterial Cell (Prokaryotic Cell) cell
does not have Nucleus
Kingdom Archaebacteria- Ancient Bacteria
Examples Thermophiles, Halophiles
Kingdom Eubacteria- New Bacteria
Examples Gonorrhea, MRSA, STAPH, E. COLI
Viruses- Non-Living
Membrane Bound Organelles

Cell membrane- Gate Keeper of
cell

Cytoskeleton- Microtubules and
Microfilaments strength of cell

Nucleus- Control Center

Lysosomes- Garbage Truck of cell

Endoplasmic ReticulumManufacturing Department

Centrioles- Pulls apart
chromosomes

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulumproduces proteins

Vacuole- Warehouse

Chloroplast- Contains Chlorophyll
for photosynthesis

Golgi- Packaging Department

Ribosome- Proteins

Mitochondria- Battery or
Powerhouse cell (ATP)
Cell Transport Across Cell Membrane, Maintaining
Homeostasis (constant environment)
 Diffusion- requires
No Energy
 High to low
concentration
 Osmosis-
Diffusion of
Water
 Facilitated- Helping
across membrane
 Active
TransportRequires Energy
 Na+
and K+ pump
Cellular Respiration (Aerobic= Oxygen)
C6 H12 O6 + O2 --- CO2 + H2O
(Reactants)
(Products)

1 Glucose molecule yields 36-38 (ATP)
 Glycolysis
 KREBS
(Breaking Down of Sugars) = 2 ATP
cycle = 2 ATP
 Electron
Transport Chain (E.T.C.)= 32-34 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration = (NO Oxygen
Present)
Fermentation-
end products
sugars form Alcohol or Lactic Acid
Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O -- C6 H12 O6 + O2
(Reactants)
(Products)

Light Dependent- Splitting Water Molecules, Oxygen Released


ATP and NADPH must be produced
Light In-Dependent
CALVIN CYCLE- Take in CO2 to make Glucose (C6 H12 O6)

* HAPPENS in the CHLOROPLASTS
Interdependence of Cellular Respiration
and Photosynthesis (Circle of Life)
Mitosis- Division of All Body Cells (except
Sperm and Egg) 46 chromosomes to 46
chromosomes (EXACT COPIES!!!)
Meiosis- Cell Division of SPERM and EGG
only! 46 Chromosomes in Humans to 23
Chromosomes

Cuts number of chromosomes in HALF!
Compare Mitosis VS. Meiosis
DNA (Deoxyribosenucleic Acid) Contains
Genetic Information
DNA Replication- Making a new copy of
DNA
(MITOSIS)
EXACT COPY!
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSCRIPTION WHERE?
 TRANSLATION-
NUCLEUS  WHERE?
Ribososmes
 WHAT? mRNA
forms
 WHAT? Forms
Proteins
CODONS (3 bases CODE for 1 Amino Acid)
building blocks of proteins—polypeptides (chains of
many Amino Acids!!)
Translation of genetic information

mRNA

tRNA

rRNA
DNA mutations- Insertion, Deletion,
Substitution (for any unknown reasons)
Gregor Mendel

Law of SegregationSeparate Characteristics

Law of Independent
Assortment- random
separation of chromosome
pairs
Predicting genetic outcomes using a
PUNNETT SQUARE

MONOHYBRID- crossing of
1 genetic trait

HOMOZYGOUS
DOMINANT- 2 of the same
traits (GG)

HOMOZYGOUS
RECESSIVE- 2 of recessive
traits (gg)

HETEROZYGOUS- 1 of
each trait
Genetic Allele (Gene Trait)
 GENOTYPE-
The
letters of the genes
 PHENOTYPE-
Physical
appearance (color)
DIHYBRID CROSS- The crossing of 2
genetic traits

9:3:3:1
Incomplete Dominance-
Co-Dominance
SEX-LINKED: on the X Chromosome only
MALE= XY
FEMALE= XX
Sex-Linked Pedigree Chart
BioChemistry and Organic Molecules
Atoms- The smallest unit of matter

Protons- Positive Charged Particle

Neutrons- Particle with NO charge

Electron- Particle with Negative Charge

Nucleus- Contains Protons and Neutrons
Atom Characteristics

Atomic Number= # of Protons in Element
(Also # of Electrons, they have to be the same)

Atomic Mass= # of Protons and Neutrons in Nucleus

Element Symbol= The abbreviation of Element Name
Types of Bonds- the way atoms attach to
form molecules

Ionic Bond- Transfer of Electrons

Covalent Bond- Sharing of Electrons

Polar Covalent- Uneven Sharing of Electrons (WATER MOLECULE)
Reactants and Products
 Reactants
Products
4 Organic Compounds of Living
Organisms

Carbohydrates- Glucose, C6H12O6, Sugar

Saccaharide (sugar) Mono, Di, and Poly
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
4 Organic Compounds of Living
Organisms
 Protein-
Amino Acids are building blocks
or Monomers of Proteins
 Peptide
bonds- Bonding of Proteins
4 Organic Compounds of Living
Organisms
 Lipids
Examples (Butter, Wax, Steroids)
 Long

Fats
Chain of Carbons
Saturated and Unsaturated
 Hydrophobic:
Fears
Water
4 Organic Compounds of Living
Organisms
 Nucleic Acids
DNA
and RNA
Nucleotides
Phosphate,
Sugar, and Nitrogen Base
Enzymes- Specialized Proteins to Start a
Reaction
Ph Scale measures Acids and Bases
Acids- Hydronium Ions # of H+ Ions
Neutral- Equal # of H+ and OH- Ions
Alkalines (BASE)- Hydroxide Ions # of OH- Ions
Buffers- Neutralizes Hydroxide and Hydronium Ions
Kingdom Plantae
 Gymnosperms

Naked Seeds

Examples (Pine trees,
Christmas trees, and
evergreen trees)
 Angiosperms

Flowering Plants
Non Vascular Plants vs. Vascular Plants

Non Vascular Plants needs to
absorb water

Vascular Plants- Has system that
allows water and nutrients to flow

Will not grow tall (mosses)

XYLEM- Transports H20

PHLOEM- Transports Sugars

Allows trees to grow tall
Reproductive Parts of a Flower