NATIONAL SEMINAR
ON
ECO-TOURISM IN KERALA- CHALLENGES AND
OPPURTUNITIES
8, 9 JANUARY 2014
PROCEEDINGS
ORGANISED BY
Post Graduate Department of Commerce
MES Keveeyam College, Valanchery
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ABOUT OUR INSTITUTION
MES KEVEEYEM COLLEGE, VALANCHERY started functioning as a junior
college in September 1981 with the avowed objective of providing higher
educational facilities to the young population of the largely rural, socially and
economically backward region comprising of Valanchery and surrounding
villages. The college was upgraded as a degree college in 1991.
The college has a record of consistent performance in
curricular and extracurricular activities an unblemished history of trouble
free campus. The peaceful campus and distinctly positive atmosphere
provides the young scholars with right ambiance for intellectual pursuits.
The college is an aided institution run by Muslim Educational Society affiliated
to the University of Calicut and included under 2(f) and 12(b) of the UGC act
and accredited with “B” Grade.
ABOUT THE PG DEPT. OF COMMERCE
The dept. of commerce came into existence in 1994 with the introduction of
B.com degree program. PG course M.com started in the year 2013.There are
60 seats available for B.com degree program and 20 seats available for PG
course. Both UG and PG course have opted Financial Management as their
optional paper. The faculties of the Dept. consist of six teachers. The Dept. has
reading room, book bank, reference library, seminar hall and well equipped
class rooms.
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ORGANISING COMMITTEE OF THE TWODAY SEMINAR
Chairman
Dr. K. Hussain, Principal
Coordinator &
Prof. C.K. Hassan,
Head, Dept. Of commerce
Assistant Co-ordinators
Prof. K.H. Abdul Razzaq
Prof. Nisab.T
Members
Dr. C.H. Moideen kutty
Prof. Prima. P
Prof. Jaseela. P.T
Sponsored by
Collaboration
The University Grants Commission
Kerala State Electricity Board
APTS unit, Malappuram
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FOREWORD
The two day national seminar on “ecotourism in Kerala challenges and
opportunities” was organized by the PG Department of Commerce with a view to
identify the potentialities of eco tourism in Kerala. The state of Kerala is well
known as God’s own country in the sense that the state is rich with natural scenic
beauty, lengthy coastal area, hill stations, flora fauna, backwater, estuarine and
much more. The heritage and culture of the state add the beauty of Kerala’s
tourism industry.
The seminar consisted of seven sessions including inaugural and valedictory
sessions. Five invited lectures have been arranged by eminent personalities in the
two day national seminar.
We are very much grateful to Prof. K Raveendra Nath, Hon’bl Pro-Vice Chancellor
of University of Calicut who formally inaugurated the seminar.
We are thankful to the resource person, delegates and participants in the seminar
who made the programme a grand success. We extend our sincere gratitude to
Dr. K Hussain, Principal, the students and faculty members of the PG Department
of commerce of the college for their whole hearted support to the seminar.
Our sincere gratitude is extended to the Kerala state Electricity Board APTS unit
Malappuram with their collaboration the two day national seminar is organized.
The Principal, staff and students of the college express their gratitude to The
University Grants Commission for sponsoring the two day National seminar.
Prof. KH Abdul Razzak
Prof. CK Hassan, Co-ordinator
Prof. Nisab T
Dr. K Hussain
(Asst. Co-ordinators)
Principal
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ABOUT THE NATIONAL SEMINAR
Eco tourism is identified as an important industry of Kerala in providing
employment opportunities and income to the state. The potentialities of eco
tourism in Kerala should be discussed and analyzed to make the tourism industry
for the better economic development of the country.
Hence the two day national seminar titled Eco-tourism in Kerala – challenges and
opportunities was planned to organize by inviting participants and resource
persons from various colleges and Universities of the country. The seminar was
formally inaugurated by Prof. K Raveendra Nath, Pro-Vice Chancellor of University
of Calicut on 8th January, 2014. Dr. K Hussain, Principal presided over the function.
During the first day two invited lectures were arranged. Dr. Vijaya Chandran Pillai,
Associate professor DCMS, University Of Calicut presented his paper “Eco tourism
in Kerala, major challenges and Dr. K Ravis Mathew, Assistant Professor,Pazhassi
Raja College ,Pulpally presented a paper titled “ A study of possibilities and
prospects of eco-tourism in Kerala in the afternoon session. Participants were
given time slots in presenting their paper by arranging different seminar halls.
During the forenoon of the second day, Dr. Joseph PD Assistant Professor
Mangalore University presented the paper titled “Sustainable tourism
development in the coastal areas of Kerala”. Another invited lecture was made by
Dr. CH Moideen Kutty, Associate Professor of Commerce MES Keveeyam College
Valanchery on Eco tourism and environment. The last session of the seminar was
engaged by Dr. M Usman, Principal Amal College Nilambur and his topic was
economics of eco tourism in Kerala.
Total 20 papers have been presented in the two day national seminar including
five invited lectures.
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PROGRAMME
Day 1: 08/1/2014
09.00 a.m - 10 am
Registration
10am – 11.15am
Inaugural section
Welcome Speech
Prof. C. K. Hassan (HOD of Commerce)
Presidential Address
Dr. Hussain. K (Principal)
Inaugural Address
Prof. K. Raveendranath
(Pro-vice chancellor, University of Calicut)
Felicitation
Mr. K. P. Mohammad Kutty Master
Mr. Basheer. T, Engr, KSEB, Malappuram)
Prof. K.J. Thomas (Staff Secretary)
Dr. RAJESH (IQAC Coordinator)
Mr. Janser, (Chairman, College Union)
Vote of Thanks
Prof. K.H. Abdul Razzaq (Asst. coordinator)
11.15 to 11.30
TEA BREAK
11.30 to 1.00
Technical Session 1
Topic
“Eco tourism in Kerala, major challenges
Resource Person
Dr. Vijaya Chandran Pillai,
(DCMS University Of Calicut)
01 to 2.00 pm
LUNCH BREAK
2 pm to 3 pm
Technical Session 2
Topic:
“A study of possibilities and prospects of eco-tourism in Kerala
Resource person
3.00 pm to 3.15 pm
Dr.Ravish Mathew
(Dept. of Tourism, Pazhassiraja College, Wayanad
TEA BREAK
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3.15 pm to 4.30 pm
Paper Presentation by Participants
Day 2:09/1/2014
Technical Session 3
10 am to 11.30 am
“Sustainable Tourism Development at the
Coastal areas of Kerala”
Resource Person
11.30 am to 1 pm
Dr. Joseph. P.D (Asst. professor,
Tourism studies,
Mangalore University)
Technical Session 4
Topic:
“Eco tourism and environment”
Resource Person
Dr. C. H. Moidheen Kutty
1.00 pm
2.00 PM TO 3.00 PM
LUNCH BREAK
Technical Session 5
Topic:
“Economics of eco-tourism in Kerala”
Resource person
Dr. M. Usman (Principal, Amal college,
Nilambur)
3.00 pm to 4.00 pm
4.00 pm
Paper presentation by Participants
Valedictory Session
Chair
Dr. Hussain. K
Inauguration
Dr. K.T. Jaleel MLA
Felicitation
Mrs. Manjula Raman (HOD Dept. of Chemistry)
Mrs. Jesni ( Secretary, Alumni)
Vote of Thanks
Prof. Nisab. T, Associate Professor
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Lecture
ECOTOURISM IN KERALA - MAJOR CHALLANGES
Dr. B. Vijayachandran Pillai
Associate Professor
Dept. of Commerce & Management Studies
University of Calicut, Kerala - 673 635
E-mail.vijachandranb@yahoo.co.in
Introduction
Kerala is the most idyllic state in India. Today, Kerala is one of the most sought after tourist
destinations in the world. The State is known as “God’s own country”. Kerala is “One of the 10
Paradises in the World”. It is blessed by nature with varied geographical features like beautiful
Hills, Valleys, Backwaters, Lagoons, Sea shore etc. The State has a very rich heritage in classical
and folk arts, culture and tradition, indigenous medicines etc. Kerala is also famous for
Ayurveda. Health Tourism is also gaining momentum in the State. The State of Kerala has an
ideal climatic condition which creates a paradise for tourists. Today Kerala Tourism is regarded
as a Global super Brand. It is recognized as a pioneer and trend setter in Tourism in the Country.
Tourism contributes nearly 9% of the State’s GDP. The industry provides employment
opportunities for Skilled, Semi Skilled & Unskilled to nearly 10 lakhs people in the State.
Most Popular Tourist Attractions in Kerala
The major Tourist attractions in the State are –
 Beaches such as Kovalam, Varkala, Marari, Bakel and Kannur
 Back Water Destinations include Kumarakam, Alappuzha, Kollam, Kochi and Kozhikode
 Hill Stations such as Ponmudi, Munnar, Wayanad and Wagamon.
 Wild Life Reserves include Periyar Wild Life Sanctuary, Ernakulam National Park,
Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary and Parambikkulam Wild life Sanctuary.
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Unique Features of Kerala Tourism
In Kerala the tourism sector has achieved tremendous growth. The unique features of Kerala’s
Tourism model are 
Vibrant Private Sector

Safety and Security for Tourists

Product differentiation

Strong brand Positioning

Tremendous political support
Supporting Agencies in the Tourism Sector in Kerala
Government of Kerala has established a number of agencies for the development of Tourism in
the State. The major Agencies supporting tourism industry are 1.
Kerala Tourism Development Corporation (KTDC)
2.
District Tourism Promotion Councils (DTPC’s)
3.
Tourist Resort (Kerala) Ltd (TRKL)
4.
Bekal Resort Development Corporation (BRDC)
5.
Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel studies (KITTS).
6.
Food Craft Institutes (FCIs)
7.
Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of Kerala.
These organizations are attempting well for the betterment of tourism industry in the State. They
are actively engaging in making the tourism sector a vibrant and dynamic one. As a result of this,
Tourism sector is contributing more revenue to the exchequer of the Government and providing a
strong base for the economic development of the State.
Types of Tourism
 Adventure Tourism - exploration of remote areas & engaging various activities like
Trekking, rock climbing etc.
 Wild life Tourism - forests
 Medical Tourism - superior quality health care
 Health/Ayurvedic Tourism- Holistic Medicine of Ayurveda
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 Pilgrimage Tourism – visit to temples, churches, mosques etc.,
 Cultural Tourism - culture. Fairs & festivals.
 Heritage Tourism – Heritage & old culture eg., Temple city(Madurai), Indian
Capital(Delhi), Tajmahal
 Beach Tourism -Sea shore, Resorts, Islands E.g., Goa, Kovalam
 Ecotourism - conservation of environment
What is Ecotourism?
Ecotourism is defined as follows. “Responsible travel and visitation to relatively
undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy, study and appreciate nature/conserve the
environment and improves the well being of local people.”
“It is an Environmental Development Industry and is concerned with converting of entire
tourism industry into eco-friendly mode”.
Kerala - A Unique Ecotourism hotspot
Kerala is considered as a unique ecotourism hotspot on account of the following factors.
 God’s own Country & Nature lovers’ Paradise
 Pleasant Climate, Good Culture and Heritage
 Rich Bio diversity., birds & animals
 Unmatched Natural resources, Exotic greenery and Scenery
 Environment Education Significance of Ecotourism
 Ecotourism Contributes to the conservation of Natural Areas like back waters,
beaches, hill stations, wild life sanctuaries etc. It Protects the cultural heritage of our
beautiful earth/Nature. The relevance of ecotourism arises on account of the
following factors.
 Provides revenue for the Govt. to preserve & manage natural areas.
 Utilizes natural resources & provides employment opportunities to local people.
 The Environment Education programme improves the awareness of local people & helps in
conservation of natural resources like forests, rivers, wild animals, etc.
 Promotes power conservation by encouraging natural ventilation instead of artificial A/C
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 Helps to achieve sustainable Balanced Regional development.
Issues and Challenges of Ecotourism in Kerala
 Insufficient Infrastructure facilities like Roads, Telecommunications, Banks, IT Parks,
Small and Medium Industries, hospitals, hotels, educational institutions etc
 Poor road condition especially during monsoon seasons and Insufficient Rail and Air
transport facilities.
 Poorly developed Hill Stations.
 Inadequate ecotourism information through Tourism Dept.
 Low level of awareness among the general public.
Some Suggestions
 Develop ecotourism Guides for all ecotourism products in the State.
 Publish Handbook for ecotourism products.
 Arrange more ecotourism awareness camps to impart awareness to the public, persons
directly dealing with tourists etc., on the impact of eco tourism on economic, social and
physical development of the State local population & on the need to welcome tourists in a
cordial manner.
 Establish a separate Dept. and appoint well trained staff to involve ecotourism aspects.
 Large scale use of chemicals, fertilizers such as chemical manure in gardens, chemicals
for cleaning & washing etc., may be discouraged.
 Special protection & arrangements for Tourists to see festivals and cultural fairs.
 Get feedback from the eco tourists at periodical intervals.
 More & more domestic and international publicity on ecotourism.
 Start more Ecotourism information centers at important places like Railway stations, Bus
Stations, Air Ports, Business Centers etc.
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Lecture
A Study on Possibilities and Prospects of Ecotourism in Kerala:
With special focus on upcoming ecotourism destinations in Kerala.
Dr.Ravish Mathew
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Travel &Tourism
Pazhassi Raja College
Pulpally, Wayanad
Mob-08593875296
e-mail-ravishancy@gmail.com
Abstract
It is a fact that Ecotourism is a niche segment in God’s own Country, which is ardently
subscribed by tourists from across the globe. Kerala boasts of rich, diverse and potent natural
resources ideally suited for ecotourism promotion. The positive attributes of ecotourism was
realized by destination planners and designers of the state, especially its remarkable potential to
foster sensitivity towards the environment. The accentuation of ecotourism in Kerala is credited
with numerous beneficial impacts for tourists, host communities and environments including
conservation, promotion of positive environmental ethics, sustainable development
opportunities, environmental education,(which is a central characteristic of eco tourism) and
revenue to the government that helps to implement management protection systems. Kerala has
pioneered novella concepts and practices in the realm of tourism and in the process, this
renowned tourist destination was showered with accreditations from numerous global institutions
and agencies. It obviously mattered a lot when the state drafted an ecotourism policy, clearly
streamlining the action plan. Thenmala an idyllic tourist spot situated in southern Kerala is
recognized as the first planned ecotourism destination in India. It also bagged several
international awards including the coveted PATA award for the best eco tourism project. Similar
projects were incepted and EIA’s were conducted across the eco tourism spots as an off shoot of
the policy decision.
INTRODUCTION
Ecotourism is an alternative form with the primary objective of providing wilderness
experience to the nature lovers. It is a paradigm, philosophy and catalyst to promote responsible
travel to study, enjoy and admire the natural beauty, wild animals, plants and indigenous culture.
Promoting ecotourism through community participation can help conserve the ecology and
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environment and improve the well-being of local people. Conservation of biodiversity and
cultural diversity is implicitly and explicitly ingrained in the principals of ecotourism with much
emphasis on sustainable use of natural resources and scope for income generation and
employment opportunities. Establishing and maintaining harmonious relationships between
environmental conservation, well-being of local people and visitor satisfaction have become a
big challenge for the planners, the policymakers and tourism stakeholders. Even though
ecotourism or ecological tourism is a western construct, it aims to provide the ways and means to
many practical problems, hampering the conservation of biodiversity in the protected areas.
With the declaration of the year 2002 as International Year of Ecotourism, with the key
theme called “Ecotourism-A Key to Sustainable Development” .It was after the year 2002 that
all the protected areas in India have adopted the principles of ecotourism so as to promote lowimpact ecotourism activities. For instance, the CAMPFIRE programme (Communal Area
Management for Indigenous Resources) in Zimbabwe and the ACAP (Annapurna Conservation
Project) at Nepal are some of the successful models of ecotourism projects which ensure
conservation, enhancement of revenues and visitor satisfaction.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The history of ecotourism may be dated back to the 1950’s and it was not widely
recognized or understood as a form of attraction. Some select countries in the African continent
have been in the limelight for jungle safari and wildlife watching. Tourism was promoted in the
parks and sanctuaries in the name of ecological tourism in Africa in 1950’s with legalization of
hunting (Miller 2007).
The need for recreational hunting zones led to the creation of protected areas, National
Parks and Game Reserves. Nevertheless, the concept of ecotourism became widely known and
was vigorously studied in 1980’s as a subject integrated with ecology, anthropology, sociology,
ecology and environmental science.
The concept of ecotourism is embedded with two components: conservation and
community well-being. Today, it is seen that tourists are more interested towards activity-based
tour rather than sightseeing-based tour. Moreover, tourists are more conscious of conservation of
wildlife and plants and they wish to undertake tours for helping the conservation efforts. The
governments take it as a means for supporting conservation measures and achieving economic
gains
In brief, it may be inferred from these selected and internationally known ecotourism definitions
that ecotourism is an offshoot of alternative tourism with larger scope for ecological and
environmental conservation with direct and indirect support from community members. Majority
of definitions, apart from endorsing ecotourism as a means for economic well-being of the local
people, have dwelled on the activities of visitors and their consciousness and responsibilities
towards environment and ecology.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ECOTOURIST
Eco-tourists have positive attitudes in themselves about the environment, culture and
development. Learning about the traditions and customs of community, experiencing the cuisine
and watching the fairs and festivals are some of the key dimensions of ecotourism that majority
of eco-tourists wish to do at the ecotourism sites. Eco-tourists are generally informed about the
green practices, the size of group, employment practices of the company and other organizations
associated with the trips. The economic benefit from the trip must percolate down to the local
community.
In addition, the history, culture, and geographical features are printed in the brochures for
providing reading aids and guests are handed over the brochures during the trip. Further, ecotourists are expected to behave in a responsible manner in the host community and they are also
educated to render their cooperation and support for resource and energy conservation.
Respecting local customs, travelling responsibly, and spending money on local enterprises acting
as a guest are some of the primary duties of an eco-tourist. Staying for longer time in places
visited can provide more interactions and scope for having better understanding about the host
people and culture.
ECOTOURISM HOTSPOTS IN KERALA
Ecotourism is promoted as an ideal concept in God’s own country. Ecotourism is of great
popularity with the tourists to Kerala because they are instilled with the feeling of oneness with
nature. Colorful Kerala is an enchanting Kaleidoscope, full of breathtaking surprises. The
Antiquity of the State can be traced back as early as 5000 to 3000 B.C. The land of lagoons and
beaches has attracted people and tourist from time immemorial. Kerala is studded with lively
palm fringed wide sandy beaches, verdant valleys, limitless stretches of lush vegetation, exotic
scenery and above all Kerala unfold a cultural canvas fascinating in its variety. Kerala
reorganized in the present form on 1st November 1956 under the State Reorganization Act 1956,
is one of the smallest states of India lying extreme south-west of the subcontinent, bordered by
the States of Karnataka on the north, Tamil Nadu. It is on the east and south and washed by the
Arabian Sea in the west along a 580km long coast line. Kerala has carved for itself in the tourism
scenario as a destination of immense natural appeal. Kerala is thus ideally suited for the
promotion of ecotourism and has already initiated several steps in the direction. In Kerala 56
places have been identified for the development as ecotourism destinations giving emphasis to
conservation, ecological sustainability, environmental education and local benefits
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
 Awareness among tourist and local tour operators engaged in sensitive eco tourism spots
of Kerala can be generated through efforts like ecoguide training programme, green
certification, sensitizing campaigns, etc.
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 Destination formation of self help groups is ideal in Kerala keeping in view the attributes
of ecotourism.
 Ecotourism fosters community empowerment.
 Ecotourism enhances Quality of life of residents.
 Promotion of ecotourism leads to careful usage of water, power and land.
 There is immense scope for consumption of local products owing to the development of
ecotourism.
 Economic growth lead to revenue generation for protected areas in Kerala.
 The importance of upgrading service quality in ecotourism ventures is of profound
significance.
 Leisure patterns of significance tourist to God’s own Country are changing with the
proliferation of ecotourism activities.
 Women and Youth participation in ecotourism and development in Kerala can initiate
outstanding result.
 A local population identifies themselves with the eco development initiatives that offset
Xenophobia.
CONCLUSION
Kerala has a huge potential to be developed as a world class ecotourism destination.
Kerala is the first state to promote ecotourism in a much bigger way. 56 destinations have been
identified by forest department of Kerala for promotion of ecotourism in a much bigger way.
The private public partnership is also envisaged. The ecotourism products developed by the
Forest Department and VSS can be marketed with Government and private sector support. The
institution of VSS (Vana Samrakshana Samati) in ecotourism is a novel concept, which ensures
the local get benefited from ecotourism. It is the local people who organize the ecotourism
programs with technical assistance from Forest Department. Apart from providing financial
benefits, this will also empower the local population. The Western Ghats of Kerala with its
tropical forest ecosystem provides a natural advantage for development of ecotourism. Western
Ghat regions of Kerala can be projected as an ecotourism zone in its true sense. Major
Ecotourism resources of Kerala are 15 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 5 National Parks, several scenic
mountainous regions, estuarine ecosystems, fresh water lakes, mangroves etc. A potential eco
tourism destination will attract large number of tourist to that particular destination. Ecotourism
destinations should give emphasis to conservation, ecological sustainability, environmental
education and local community benefit and should be managed in a sustainable manner so that
the pristine beauty can be a protected and preserve for the future generation to come.
REFERENCE
Animon, M.M (2002) Phytosociological studies of Poongavanam area of Periyar Tiger Reserve,
Research Report, Kerala Forest Department, Thekkady, p80.
Boo, E (1991) Planning for ecotourism. Parks 2(3),4-8.
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Boo, E. (1991) Ecotourism: A tool for conservation and development. In J. A Kusler (Complier)
Ecotourism and Resource Conservation: A Collection of Papers (Vol.1) (pp.54-60). Madison:
Omni press.
Lecture
THE ECONOMICS OF ECOTOURISM IN KERALA
Dr.M.Usman
Principal
Amal College of Advanced
Eranhimangad (Po), Nilambur, 679329
I. Ecotourism – A Conceptual Frame work
The concept of Ecotourism emerged from the philosophy that economic
development should ensure the harmonious co- existence of Man and Nature. In this
way it is related to the concept of sustainable development. Ecotourism is defined as
the responsible travel to natural areas which conserves the environment and sustains
the well being of the local people (The International Ecotourism Society-TIES, 1990).
A broader concept of Ecotourism encompasses the sustainable development of the
region along with the national and global level development. Viewed in this sense,
the nature of the objectives and strategy of Ecotourism cannot be different from that
of general economic development.
According to TIES, the basic motto is: ‘Uniting Conservation,
Communities and Sustainable Travel’. It implies that those who implement and
participate in Ecotourism activities should follow the following principles:
 Minimize Impact
 Build Environmental and Cultural Awareness and Respect.
 Provide Positive Experiences for both visitors and hosts.
 Provide Direct Financial Benefits for Conservation.
 Provide Financial Benefits and Empowerment for Local people.
 Raise Sensitivity to Host Country’s Political, Environmental and
Social Climate.
II. Ecotourism and Kerala Model of Development
Ecotourism has a dominant role in shaping the unique development pattern of
the state of Kerala, known as the Kerala Model of Development. The Kerala Model
of Development has presented a paradox of high social indicators of development
with low per capita income. In terms of indicators of Physical Quality of Life (PQLI)
like literacy, life expectancy and infant mortality the performance of Kerala is
16
comparable with that of developed countries. The comparison of selected indicators of
Human Development of Kerala with All India situation is self explanatory.
The development of tourism in Kerala is integrated with the concept of
Ecotourism. In other words, ‘Tourism’ in Kerala means ‘Ecotourism’. The sustainable
development of tourism sector of the state can be ensured through ecotourism which in its
term contribute to the sustainability of the unique Kerala Model of Development. In this
way Ecotourism is one of the strategic sectors of Kerala’s Economy.
Two significant points related to Eco-tourism and economic development of
Kerala need elaboration.
1) The concern for environment protection and conservation shared by planners,
policy makers and common public do not differentiate between industrial development
and tourism development of the state. This is not merely on account of ‘tourism
industry’, but also due to the perceived impact of industrialization and tourism
development on environment.
2) The state of Kerala with a total area of 38,863 sq.km can be seen as a
composite geographical region. Recent reports like that of Madhav Gadgil and
Kasthurirangan has brought this aspect into focus. The Western Ghats contains a
protected area of 2324 sq. km in two national parks and 12 wild life sanctuaries. The
Western Ghats with its tropical eco system is ideally suitable for the development of
ecotourism. The ecologically fragile zones identified by these reports can be positively
described as the potential regions for sustained ecotourism development.
Based on the above, it is clear that any discussion on the Economics of
Ecotourism of Kerala invariably centre round on the economic significance of tourism in
the state.
III. The Economics of Tourism in Kerala
‘Travel and Tourism’ is considered to be the largest industry and the fastest
growing employer in the world. According to World Travel and Tourism Council, UK
(2003), an investment of Rs.12 lakhs in tourism creates 89 jobs. The same amount of
investment can create only 45 jobs in agriculture and 13 in manufacturing sector.
According to a study by National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) the
travel and tourism industry contributed 9.2% of global GDP and 261 million job
opportunities in 2012. It is indicative of the fast growth and employment potential of this
sector.
Kerala was late to realize the competitive advantage of the state in tourism.
Realizing the economic significance of the sector, the Government of Kerala declared
tourism as an industry in 1986. The first comprehensive Tourism Policy of the State was
announced in 1995 with a focus on PPP model of development of the four components of
the industry:
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



Development of Infrastructure
Development of Tourism Product
Development of Human Resources
Marketing of Tourism
The branding of Kerala tourism started in the year 2000 with the launching of the
slogan “Kerala – Gods’ Own Country”, in the first Travel Mart organized in the state.
The adoption of ‘Trivandrum Vision Document 2025’ in 2001 projected Kerala as an up
market high quality tourist destination through optimal use of resources.
The main focus areas were the following:

Conservation and preservation of heritage

Enhancing productivity & Income

Creating employment opportunities

More private participation in tourism investment
The concept of ‘Responsible Tourism’ was integrated to the tourism policy of the
state in 2007 with pilot projects launched at Kumarakom, Kovalom, Wynadu and
Thekkadi. It was based on community engagement in tourism planning and programs.
This has made tourism more inclusive with special focus on:
 Creation of micro enterprises
 Development of group farming
 Setting up of ethnic restaurants
 Participation of women and BPL families
 Supplementary income generation
III.1 Economic Impact of Tourism
According to D.J. Stynes, the economic impact of tourism can be classified into
three.
1. Direct Impact – changes in the industries associated directly with visitor
spending
2. Indirect Impact – Multiplier impact through backward and forward linkages.
It is the indirect effect on all economic activities.
3. Induced Impact – It relates to the sales, income or jobs from house hold
spending as a result of income earned from visitor spending.
III.2 Revenue Earnings from Tourism
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Tourism industry is a major contributor of foreign exchange earnings of the state.
During 2011-12 the sector earned a foreign exchange equal to Rs.4221.99 cores. The
total revenue generated during the same period was Rs.19037 cores.
.
III.3 Tourist Arrivals in Kerala
International tourist arrival declined in recent years due to global economic crisis.
But in 2011-12 there was an increase of foreign tourists by 11% over the previous year in
Kerala. During this year 12% of total tourists in Kerala were from foreign countries.
III.4 Spatial Distribution of Tourist Arrivals
According to United Nations World Tourism Organization (2013) in the top 50
tourist destinations of the world, tourist arrival per 1000 people was an high as 703. In
the European Union it was 755. In Kerala it is only 22.
Another important issue to be considered is the spatial imbalance in the inflow of
foreign tourists. Top 10 countries account for more than 70% of foreign tourist arrival in
the state. At All India level it is 62%.
III.5 Plan Outlay and Expenditure on Tourism
During 2010-11 the State plan allocation to the tourism sector was Rs.90 crores
of which 93% was utilized. But the most disturbing factor in the plan outlay is the
declining Central Assistance for Tourism in recent years.
.
The fall in the central assistance to the tourism sector adversely affect the
infrastructural development of the sector. More central financing is needed for the
support of the industry.
IV Policy Implications for Future Development






.
Ensure Environmental and Cultural protection
Promote safe and satisfying visiting experience
New elements to Leisure Tourism: Experience element, participation element,
automation element.
New products: 50+Tourism, Medical Tourism, Tribal Tourism, Educational
Tourism, Cultural Tourism, Wetland Tourism,
New Markets: Expand both international and domestic market.
New Marketing Techniques – Use of ICT for promoti
19
Lecture
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AT THE COASTAL AREAS
OF KERALA
Joseph PD
Asst. Professor in Tourism studies
Dept. Of Business Administration
Mangalore University
Mangalagangothri Karnataka, India 5741299
ABSTRACT
Sustainable Tourism is a democratic concept purely based on minimizing the impact on the
environment and local culture by maximizing the income and employment opportunity for the
local community. During the course of tourism growth, all stakeholders try to keep something for
the future generation without changing much of its structure. With a growing concern for the
environment, coupled with a strong desire to escape from the traditional vacation, many
travellers are beginning to discover the benefits and advantages of sustainable tourism, which has
become the fastest growing tourism market in the world. According to the World Tourism
Organization, sustainable tourism is tourism that leads to the management of all resources in
such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural
integrity, essential ecological process, biological diversity and life support system. Sustainable
tourism development requires the informed participation of all relevant stakeholders, as well as
strong political leadership to ensure wide participation and consensus building. Achieving
sustainable tourism requires constant monitoring of impacts, introducing the necessary
preventive and/or corrective measures whenever necessary
(http://www.ghanawestcoast.com/gwc/sustainable_tourism.php).
Tourism is one of the few sectors where Kerala has clear competitive advantages. Kerala has
natural advantages in this industry, in terms of beautiful hills and valleys, lakes, waterfalls,
backwaters, lagoons, and beaches. The state is also well-known for its manmade natural
advantages, such as national parks and wild life sanctuaries. Kerala’s traditional dance forms,
cultural festivals, temples, and traditional medicine are major tourist attractions. Kerala is also
India’s most advanced society in terms of educational attainment.
20
The major objective of this paper is to discuss the importance of tourism to a state and to throw a
light on the sustainable development of tourism resources of Kerala in general and coastal areas
of the state in particular.
Key Words: Sustainable, Stakeholders, Resources, Impacts, Tourism
INTRODUCTION:
Tourism is an ever expanding service industry with latent vast growth potential and has,
therefore, become one of the crucial concerns of not only the nations but also of international
community as a whole. In fact, it has come up as a device link in gearing up the pace of socioeconomic development world over. Thereby, it has come to weigh significantly in the growth
strategies of the developed countries as also of the developing ones. It is being perceived as an
important instrument of economic development. Most of these countries have sought the answer
in development through the tourist recreation industry by exploiting their historic-societalcultural and environmental resources.
Tourism is largely examined and questioned for its ample potential to give rise to changes
in the economic, ecological, societal and cultural edifice of a country. However, two aspects of
tourism-its capacity to generate employment, both directly as well as indirectly, and its potential
to earn hard international currency for the host country-have made this industry greatly desirable
for all concerned such as government, planners, entrepreneurs and host people in particular. . For
instance, as per the account of UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organisation)
International tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) grew by 4% in 2012, topping the 1 billion mark
globally for the first time in history..
Tourism is one of the few sectors where Kerala has clear competitive advantages. Kerala
has natural advantages in this industry, in terms of beautiful hills and valleys, lakes, waterfalls,
backwaters, lagoons, and beaches. The state is also well-known for its manmade natural
advantages, such as national parks and wild life sanctuaries. Kerala’s traditional dance forms,
cultural festivals, temples, and traditional medicine are major tourist attractions. Kerala is also
India’s most advanced society in terms of educational attainment.
21
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM:
Sustainable Tourism in its purest sense is an industry which attempts to make a low
impact on the environment and local culture, while helping to generate income, employment, and
the conservation of local ecosystems. It is a responsible tourism that is both ecologically and
culturally sensitive. Thus, Sustainable Tourism activities have minimal impact on the
environment and culture of the host community (http://www.gdrc.org/uem/eco-tour/stwhatis.html). Sustainable Tourism is a democratic concept purely based on minimizing the
impact on the environment and local culture by maximizing the income and employment
opportunity for the local community. But how can sustainable tourism are achieved? Evidence
suggests that it requires co-operation between concerned companies and the managers of
destinations. It does not, however, require a marked interest from consumers. Some companies
have suggested that they will only take steps to achieve sustainable tourism if they recognize a
clear 'market demand' for holidays that is overtly 'green' or 'environmentally friendly'
COAST AND THE COASTAL TOURISM:
The coastal zones of the Earth are extremely diverse and tremendously important, not
only for humankind but:
They cover around 20 per cent of the Earth’s surface, Coastal margins equate to only 8% of the
worlds surface area but provide 25% of global productivity, They are the site of vital transport
routes and industrial facilities, They are prime recreation and tourist areas, They are a resource
for minerals and geological products, They contain important ecosystems with large species
diversity, They function as an important sediment trap that consolidates sediments from the
rivers, They influence many global parameters in their role as a buffer between the land and sea,
75 per cent of the mega-cities with populations over ten million are located in coastal zones, 90
per cent of the global fishery activity occurs in coastal waters, They are the place where more
than 45 per cent of the world’s population lives and works, Human activity in the coastal zone
generally degrades the systems by taking unsustainable quantities of resources.
Coastal and marine tourism includes those recreational activities which involve travel away
from one's place of residence which have as their host or focus the marine environment and/or
the coastal zone." Activities include: Sun bathing, beach riding, snorkeling, scuba diving,
surfing, parachuting etc.
22
IMPACTS OF COASTAL TOURISM:
As we think about sustainable coastal tourism development, we need to analyse the impacts
created by tourism at the coastal areas. They are: Pollution by waste water, garbage, heating,
noise and traffic emissions; Encroachment of buildings, facilities and roads close to the coastline;
Beach erosion due to building, dune removal and dredging; Excessive use of natural areas;
Destruction of natural areas to accommodate tourism or other needs; Inter-sectorial competition
and conflict over (marine and terrestrial) space; Exclusion of local communities from any role of
significance in decision-making; The loss of natural and architectural heritage in the face of rapid
expansion; Strain on public utilities and facilities; Displacement of local population; Creation of
restricted exclusive zones that are off-limits to the local people; Loss of business by local
enterprises as all-inclusive resorts supplies all the needs of their guests.
Coastal tourism is considered to be one of the fastest growing areas of present-day tourism
with its central attributes of sand, sea and sun. In order to create safe, stable and attractive coastal
environments with clean waters and healthy coastal habitats, it is necessary to develop wellmanaged sustainable coastal tourism. Sustainable Coastal Tourism implies that Sustainable
coastal management practices with ICZM strategies, Clean water, air and healthy coastal ecosystems.
CONCLUSION:
It is concluded with the proverb that "We have not inherited the Earth from our
ancestors. We have only borrowed it from our children”. So it has been the duty of the present
generation to leave maximum resources including tourism resources for the coming generations
to use with our intelligent and wise use of the available resources. This is the only solution by
which human being can survive in this world.
REFERENCES:
1. UNWTO- Tourism Highlights- 2013 Edition- Facts & Figures section at mkt.unwto.org
2. Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India, India Tourism Statistics at a Glance 2012.
3. sustainable tourism, Retrieved on August, 2013 from
http://www.ghanawestcoast.com/gwc/sustainable_tourism.php
23
Lecture
ECOTOURISM AND ENVIRONMENT
Dr. Moideenkutty.CH
Associate Professor
Post Graduate Department of Commerce
MES KVM College
Valanchery
Tourism potential
 It is “an industry without chimney”
 It is like manna dropping from heaven
 Most highly developed western countries like Switzerland, Austria, France etc have
accumulated much benefits from tourism
 According to recent statistics, tourism provides about 10% of the world’s income and
employs almost one-tenth of world’s work force
Mass tourism-features
 Associated with high volume; thus large scale
 Shifting of large group of tourists
 Full utilization of holiday packages
 Development of huge transport system andInfrastructure
 Marketing is more hedonistic
 Earlier approach
Definition of ecotourism
“Ecotourism is responsible travel to natural areas which conserves the environment and
improves the welfare of the local people”-(the ecotourism society). It is ecologically sustainable
tourism.
Ecotourism – features
 Small scale
24
 More nature based
 Low impact
 Promotes conservation
 Supports local communities
 Helps maintain natural and cultural integrity
 Make use of environment friendly methods and technologies
 New approach
Tourism-effects
 Tourism can bring many economic and social benefits, particularly in rural areas and
developing countries, but mass tourism is also associated with negative effects.
 Tourism can only be sustainable if it is carefully managed so that potential negative
effects on the host communities and environment are not permitted to out weigh the
financial benefits.
Positive effects
 The infrastructure benefits to local community
 Traditional handicrafts can grow
 Better cultural understanding
 Direct and indirect employment generation and the consequent multiplier effects
Negative effects.
 Crowding, congestion, drug abuses, prostitution
 Local people displaced from their home land.
 Erosion of traditional values
 Over use of natural resources pose threat to heritage sites
 Increased pollution, littering, noise, sewage etc
Effects of mass tourism on developing countries
 It is found that of the top 20 favorite tourist
destinations, 14 are in developing countries.
 Unfortunately, the infrastructures in these destinations are generally more fragile than
those in the tourists’ home countries.
25
 80 % of the tourists come form only 20 countries.(17 from Europe and the rest from 3
countries like Japan, USA and Canada).
Mass tourism- a peaceful invasion?
 Affects the everyday life of the local people
 The danger arises when saturation level is reached
 It is a point where the citizens no longer feel that the city or neighborhood belongs to
them
 At this point tourism becomes a social burden
 For example: in Barcelona posters & placards appeared
 “TOURIST YOU ARE THE TERRORIST”
Dos and don’ts of ecotourism
Dos
•
Carry back all non-degradable litters
•
Observe the sanctity of holy sites
•
Cut noise pollution
•
Respect people’s privacy
Don’ts
•
don’t take away flora & fauna
•
don’t use pollutants
•
don’t use wood as fuel at camp sites
•
don’t leave cigarette butts or make open fires
•
don’t consume alcohol, drugs etc
•
don’t use polythene or plastic items
in the forest region
Sustainability and responsibility
 Ecotourism accommodates and entertains visitors in a way that is minimally intrusive or
destructive to the environment and sustains & supports the native cultures in the locations
it is operating in.
26
 Responsibility of both travelers and service providers is the genuine meaning for
ecotourism.
 For instance, a walk through the rain forest is not ecotourism unless that particular walk
somehow benefits that environment and the people who live there.
 Any form of tourism that does not reduce the availability of resources and does not
inhibit future travelers from enjoying the same experience.
 For instance, if the presence of large number of tourists disturbs an animal’s mating
patterns so that there are fewer of that species in the future, then that visit was not
sustainable.
Water consumption
 The average amount of water used by one tourist in one day is equivalent to the amount
of water a villager in a developing country would use to produce rice over a period of
hundred days.
 For instance, tourist attractions such as golf course requires a lot of water- a single course
can use as much water as a town of 10,000 people.
 Many all inclusive resorts feature water-intensive swimming pools and hot tubs. Daily
laundering of hotel linens requires a lot of water.
Green house gas emission
 The travel & tourism industry is responsible for about 5% of yearly green house gas
emission.
 This has impact on climate change in some destinations.
A phased goal
 Although ecotourism may not represent an abrupt departure from historic recreation and
tourism, it does represent a change in the level of visitation for many areas and a change
in the goals that various stakeholders attach to this visitation.
27
Paper Presentation-1
ECO TOURISM: TOURISM OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM
ABDUSSALAM.P. K.
Research Scholar, DCMS, University of Calicut.
Abstract
Ecotourism is a purposeful travel to natural areas to examine the cultural and natural
history of environment, taking care not to alter the integrity of the eco system while producing
economic opportunities that makes conservation of natural resources beneficial to local people. It
is an environment friendly activity that helps in the preservation of nature. It is an enlightening ,
participatory travel experience to natural environments. Eco tourism ensures the sustainable use
of environmental resources, while producing viable economic opportunities for the host
communities. Ecotourism can be considered as a perfect economic activity which promotes both
sustainability and development. This paper is designed to bring about the prospects and scope of
eco-tourism.
Keywords: Ecotourism, Environmental concerns, Sustainability.
Introduction
Tourism has been the world’s fastest growing industry. Traditionally India has been a
center for cultural tourism, duly supported by historical sites. Over the past 50 years, other forms
of tourism have been developed, such as beach tourism, conference tourism, religious tourism,
health tourism etc. with times, change in tourist needs and development of new products by the
industry have given rise to various forms of tourism. “Sustainable development is seen as the
way forward to guarantee the long term viability of the tourism business. Eco tourism , although
still without unanimously agreed on definition, is studied as efficient tool for sustainable
tourism development since 1990. We look upon eco-tourism as a concept under a well-defined
set of principles, rather than a separate market segment”. Eco- tourism has gained popularity in
the recent past and the year 2002 was declared the international Year of Ecotourism potential to
improve the environmental performance of tourism”.
28
Ecotourism
There are various definitions of ecotourism, most of which have to do with combining the
travel industry with an ideal that emphasizes conversation and preservation of the natural
environment in which people spend their vacations. Ecotourism is directed towards responsible
travel that conserves environments and sustain the well being of the local people. Eco tourism is
an amalgamation of two separate concepts: ecology and tourism. It is an enlightening,
participatory travel experience to natural environments. Ecotourism ensures the sustainable use
of environmental resources, while producing viable economic opportunities for the host
communities. The term ecotourism was coined in 1983 by the Mexican architectenvironmentalist Herter CaballosLascurain, a renowned global consultant on the subject. The
International Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as “responsible travel to natural areas that
conserve the environment and sustain the well-being of local people”.
. The institute for Ecological Tourism, California has suggested the following
eight characteristics for Eco tourism:
1. It must promote positive environmental ethics- fostering preferred behavior in its
participants.
2. It does not degrade the resource- There is no consumptive erosion of the natural
environment visited.
3. It concentrates on intrinsic rather than extrinsic values. Facilities and services may
facilitate the encounter with the intrinsic resource; they never become attractions in their
own right, nor do they distract from the natural attraction itself.
4. It is bio centric rather than homocentric in philosophy. Eco tourists enter the environment
accepting it on its terms, not expecting it to change or be modified for their convenience.
5. It must benefit the wildlife and environment. If the environment has not at least achieved
a net benefit towards its sustainability and ecological integrity, then the activity is not
ecotourism.
6. It is a first-hand experience with the natural environment.
Essentials of Ecotourism
The essentials of ecotourism that can be considered as:




A well preserved eco-system to attract tourists
Supportive cultural and adventure activities
Active involvement of the locals
Empowering the local populace to manage eco-tourism so that they can ensure
conservation through alternate livelihood opportunities.
Types of Eco tourists
29
Generally, there are four types of eco tourists. They are
1. Dedicated Eco tourists:
They travel to an area for highly specialized purposes such as butterfly or bird watching.
They won’t require many facilities but they require expert natural history tour guides to educate
them. They are also willing to pay more for these highly specialized services.
2. General Eco tourists:
They seek attractions such as rafting, trekking etc. Here also the principal
attraction is unaltered nature. They do not require a greate deal of infrastructure but
expect a high standard in the quality and nature of the educational information that is
supplied to them.
3. Casual Eco tourists
They visit special nature attractions as a part of their holidays. But these are not of
their primary focus of visit. They are not much concerned about the unique quality of places.
4. Recreation Eco tourists:
They normally use natural areas for relaxing. They are not eco tourists but appreciate the
greenery. They prefer some level of infrastructure development.
The Parameters
The parameters for successful development and management of ecotourism largely
Centre on an integrated and holistic approach to tourism product development, employment of
host communities, generating adequate support from the locals and a total commitment to
environmentally sustainable practices within the tourism industry. Ecotourism organization’s
need to get answers to a whole lot of important questions. Suggested parameters, for which
answers are essential, are as follows:
A) Management of resorts: B) Eco- accommodation and facilities:
C) Means of transportation within the resort area: D) Prevention of environmental
impacts:
E) Prevention of cultural impacts: F) Management programme:
G) Eco- tourist guidelines: H) Community support: I) Local community benefits:
Ecotourism Resources of India
The geographical diversity of India is a wealth of ecosystems which are well protected
and preserved. These eco systems have become the major resource for ecotourism in India. They
are:
30
1. Biosphere Reserves:
Biosphere reserves are multipurpose protected areas for preservation of the genetic diversity and
integrity of plants, animals and microorganisms in representative eco systems.
2. Mangroves
Mangroves are very specialized forest eco systems of tropical and sub tropical regions
bordering sheltered sea coasts and estuaries.
4. Deserts
The great Thar Desert and the little deserts in the North Western regions of the country are
distinct eco systems which have fascinated tourists from all over the world.
5. Mountains and Forests
The great Himalayas and other mountain ranges in the country, along with the snow-clad slopes,
forests and rivers have also become great attractions for eco tourists. The country has an area of
about 752.3 lakh hectors notified as forest land and of this about 406.1 lakh hectares are
classified as reserve forests and 215 lakh hectares as protected forests.
Flora and Fauna
India is floristically very rich. She has about 45000 species of plants. The country also has a
great variety of fauna, numbering all little over 65000 known species, including 1228 of
birds, 428 of reptiles, 372 of mammals, 204 of amphibians and 2546 of fish. In order to
protect and preserve these genetic constituents, India has created a number of national parks
and 421 wildlife sanctuaries in different parts of the country.
7. Water resources
The Arabian sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal brace the sides of the Indian
subcontinent except for the northern boundary. The land map of India is crossed by several rivers
and dotted by lakes at many places. These water bodies provide attractive opportunities for water
sports.
Suggestions and guidelines
The national policy on tourism stipulates that tourism should become a unifying force
nationally and internationally, fostering better understanding through travel. It should also help
preserve, retain and enrich our world view and lifestyle, our cultural expressions and heritage in
all manifestations. The prosperity that tourism brings should strengthen and cause accretion,
31
rather than damage, to our social and cultural values and depletion of our natural resources. The
biospheres, mangroves, coral reefs, deserts and mountains which forms the core resources for
ecotourism are fragile eco systems. Hence decisions for the development of tourism in such areas
have to be based on a thorough understanding of local resources, social and economic factors and
other characteristics. The developmental process should meet the following cardinal principes:
1. It should involve the local community and lead to the overall economic development of the
area.
2. It should identify the likely conflicts between resource use for tourism and the livelihood of
local inhabitants and attempt to minimize such conflicts;
3. The type and scale of tourism development should be compatible with the environment and
socio cultural characteristics of the local community and
4. It should be planned as a part of the overall area development strategy, guided by an integrated
land use plan and associated with commensurate expansion of public services.
5. Exclude developments in geologically unstable zones and define development and buffer
zones after proper environmental impact assessments.
6. Establish standards, building codes and other regulations.
Conclusion
Man of the new millennium is becoming more and more conscious of the necessity of
sustaining the nature. There is also a sharp increase in the number of nature lovers and they are
in search of new experiences of the Mother Nature. The government should liberalize several
infrastructural constraints facing foreign eco tourists to India. Managers of tourist’s areas and
spots should provide basic services to eco tourists through educational centers’ on the spot,
supplying information brochures and selling ecofriendly souvenirs. Eco lodges with food,
drinking water telephone and email facilities and shopping canters for essentials would be added
tourists amenities. The novel concept of ecotourism is so visionary that in the long run, it would
be much more viable economically, sustainable ecologically, acceptable socially and ideal
philosophically than traditional tourism.
References
Bhatia A.K, International Tourism: Fundamentals and practices, 1996.
Burkat. A.J, The Management of Tourism, Heinemann, London, 1975.
Biju. M. R, Hospitality Industry in Kerala: Performance and Promises, SAJOPS, Vol.2, No.2,
June2002.
Anand.M.M, Tourism and Hotel Industry in India, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi 1976.
32
Paper Presentation-2
MAJOR ATTRACTION ECO-TOURISM IN KERALA
Mr.NIKHIL.M
1st SEM M.Com
PG Department of Commerce and Management Studies
P.T.M. Government College, Pathaikkara, Perinthalmanna,
Malappuram Dt, Kerala, Pin: 679322
ABSTRACT
Eco tourism is a growing area in the tourist friendly state of Kerala. Eco
tourism in Kerala has taken off in a big way because Kerala has many destinations known
for their natural beauty and exquisite landscape. As Kerala is one of the greenest
destinations in India, the state is a perfect hub for promoting eco tourism in a big way.
The landscape is covered with coconut palms in the coastal areas. The paddy fields
shimmer with the emerald green of new shoots. The present paper study the major
attraction of eco tourism in Kerala thy are hill stations, western Ghats, silent valley, the
wildlife sanctuaries, jungles and parks .
INRODUCTION
Also known as "God's Own Country", Kerala is blessed with a landscape that promises to
charm all the travelers on a trip to Kerala. Home to the famed backwaters of Kerala, the
state is also surrounded by a riot of green in the forms of rich forest and sprawling
plantations of spices, tea and a number of other crops. Thus, the state is one of the most
active promoters of ecotourism in India and a trip of ecotourism in kerala is fast
becoming one of the most popular holidays in the world. The major tourism destinations
are classified into beaches, backwaters, hill stations, wild life sanctuaries and culture
including festivals. To provide basic infrastructural facilities, the major thrust is to
upgrade the quality of these products
33
Objectives of the study
To study the major attraction of eco-tourism in Kerala .
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
The study is based on Secondary data. Data are collected from Journals, books, websites.

MAJOR ATTRACTION OF ECO TOURISM IN KERALA
Kerala Backwaters
Kerala backwaters are a world of serenity and wonderment. The coastal regions of Kerala
have a network of waterways, inlets from the sea, and estuaries of over forty rivers, lakes
and natural canals connecting coastal towns. This interlinked body of waterways is
known as the backwaters in Kerala. Over 900 Km of the Kerala backwaters are navigable
and have been used for centuries by the local people for transportation. You can travel on
these waterways on a traditional houseboat and enjoy the scenic beauty of the backwaters
in Kerala.
The largest backwater stretch is the Vembanad Lake, which opens out into the sea at the
Kochi port and flows through three districts-Alappuzha, Kottayam and Kochi. . Kerala
backwaters have a unique ecosystem - freshwater from the rivers meets the seawater from
the Arabian Sea in the backwaters in Kerala.
Tree Houses - Houses in Heaven
The eco-friendly locally available raw materials are used in the construction of the tree
houses such as coir mats, bamboo poles, hay straws, trees used as pillar etc. Tree houses
are basically modified versions of Erumadam, which were usually used by the tribals to
protect themselves from the attacks of the wild animals. The tree houses in Kerala are
usually placed in the rain forests surrounded by the plantations of tea, coffee, cardamom
and pepper. Indigenous techniques, skills and expertise of local tribal craftsmen are used
for the construction and maintenance of these tree houses. Tree house stay will be
definitely a very rare experience to the tourist. The major tree houses provis place are
34
Wayanad in North Kerala, Idukki in south Kerala and Munnar in central Kerala presently
offer this unique experience. Idukki is easily accessible from Kottayam or Thekkady and
Munnar from Kochi
Kerala Waterfalls
Kerala, the land of coconuts is famous the world over for its breathtaking scenery,
beautiful lagoons, superb lush mountain regions, carpets of spice and tea plantations,
excellent sandy beaches and the irresistible charm of its cascading, gorgeous waterfalls.
.The forests of Western Ghats are punctuated with large and small waterfalls that gurgle
and splash down the mountain side. The wooded forests of the Western Ghats are hidden
with cascading showers that enchant the visitors. The important waterfalls in Kerala are
Athirapally, Vazhachal, Palaruvi & Tusharagiri.The picturesque places around the falls
are popular trekking and picnic spots, with the greenery and landscape infusing freshness
in to any tired soul.
Ayurveda - A real way to Perfect health
Ayurveda is a perfect ancient science of life; the word Ayur literally means life and Veda
the science or knowledge. Ayurveda briefly explains the knowledge of the do's and don'ts
one has to follow, which favors the well being of each individual to lead a healthy,
happy, comfortable and advantageous life both physically, mentally and socially.
Ayurveda also emphasizes that prevention is better than cure. In fact, today Kerala is the
only state in India, which practices this system of medicine with absolute dedication
Importance of a Ayurveda, Kottakal, Kerala Arya Vaidya Shala and the Somateertham
Ayurvedic Resort. Most hotels and spas in Kerala offer Ayurvedic therapies and
Ayurvedic masseurs offer their healing touch along the beaches of Kerala. You can
experience the rejuvenating effects of Ayurveda on Kerala tour
35
Kerala beaches
Kerala Beaches are the finest beaches in India. Virtually its entire 900km length coastline
is lined with sandy beaches, rocky promontories and coconut palms. Beaches are same
everywhere, however, once in Kerala, you will realize that this is not so. Kerala's beaches
are renowned for the gentle surf and blue waters. Beach travel has never before been so
exciting! and you will be left with a feeling of seeing and experiencing something new
every time. Every year, a large number of visitors arrive here is search of tranquil, palmfringed beaches. . Kerala’s famous beaches are Kovalam Beach, Varkkala Beach,Kappad
Beach,Marari Beach,Bekal Beach,Alappuzha Beach, Beypore Beach,Dharmadam
Island,Valapattanam Beach,Ezhimala Beach, Fort Kochi Beach,Mappila Beach.
Wild life
Kerala has about 30% of its land cover accounted by forests. The forests of Kerala lie on
the Western slope of the Western Ghats at different altitudes rising up to 2,694 metres.
The steep and often abrupt topography creates great special variations in climate and soil,
resulting in high levels of biodiversity and local endemism. The forests of Kerala are
famous for elephants and tigers. Also there are a lot of animals are there like sambar, deer
and wild buffalos. Periyar Wild Life Sanctuary, Parambikulam Wild Life Sanctuary,
Eravikulam National Park are the major Wild Life centers. Kumarakom, Thattekad,
Myladumpara are the main Bird watching centers.
Conclusion
Broadly, the major tourism destinations are classified into beaches, backwaters, hill
stations, wild life sanctuaries and culture including festivals. To provide basic
infrastructural facilities, the major thrust is to upgrade the quality of these products. At
present there is no institutionalized system/channel through which public can see the
forest and have a quality and lasting experience. The quick visit to sanctuary, as being
practiced now cannot be called ecotourism.
36
Paper Presentation-3
ECOTOURISM FOR HUMAN WELLBEING
Deleep Devasia
Assistant professor of Travel and Tourism
GPM Govt. College, Manjeswaram, Kerala.
&
Anujith S.
Assistant professor of Tourism
Amal College of advanced studies, Nilambur, Kerala
Abstract
Humans like all forms of life have an umbilical connection to nature, which is reducing over the
few centuries due to the advancements he has been making. Altered quality of environment
coupled with unnatural lifestyle has been crippling mankind with the advent of new burden of
life-style diseases. Living close to nature is a way to enhance the quality of health and well
being, as advocated in Naturopathy, Ayurveda and other traditional forms of medicine.
Ecotourism also insists on maintenance of a natural environment and original culture along with
cultivation of responsible human behaviour through tourism. This paper examines the potential
use of human contact with nature in ecotourism as an effective and affordable health promotion
intervention for populations using Natural systems of healing.
Key words: Ecotourism - Man’s connection to nature, nature and health, natural medicine,
integration.
INTRODUCTION
Ecotourism has been considered important by environmentalists, so that future generations may
experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention (Martha, 2008). It is
envisioned as a tool for both conservation and sustainable development, especially in areas
where local people are asked to forego the consumptive use of resources for others” (Weaver and
Pierce, 1996). Its purpose is to educate the traveler; provide funds for ecological conservation;
37
directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities; and
foster respect for different cultures and for human rights.
DEFINITION AND CONCEPT OF ECOTOURISM
Understanding the concept of ecotourism is of major importance to ensure the term is not used as
a catch-all phrase, with resulting indiscriminate, contradictory usage (Furze & Singh, 2001).
World Conservation Union defines ecotourism as “Environmentally responsible travel and
visitation to natural areas in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural
features, both past and present) that promote conservation, have low visitor impact and provide
for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local people”. Any tourism program
which is nature based, ecologically sustainable, where education and interpretation is a major
concept and where local people are benefited can be called ecotourism (Thampi, 2005).
According to Wallace and Pierce (1996), ecotourism is “travelling to relatively undisturbed
natural areas for study, enjoyment, or volunteer assistance. It is travel that concerns itself with
flora, fauna, geology, and ecosystems of an area, as well as the people (caretakers) who live
nearby, their needs, their culture, and their relationship to the land. It views natural areas both as
‘home to all of us’ in a global sense (‘eco’ meaning home) but ‘home to nearby residents’
specifically. It is envisioned as a tool for both conservation and sustainable development –
especially areas where local people are asked to forge the consumptive use of resources for
others.”
Core Zone
In the core zone, no activity is allowed. No body is permitted to get inside. It is usually in the
centre of the area - like deep forest, where the wild animals are plenty and have privacy. Animals
breed and grow there. Getting into the place will disturb the system and destroy it.
Buffer Zone
Buffer zone is the intermediate zone between core zone and activity zone. In this zone, the
activities are very much restricted. The activities are some times allowed in certain period of the
year only. Eg.Trekking through Agasthyavanam Biological Reserve in January-February every
year. The forest department restricts the number of trekkers. Biologically non-degradable
materials like plastic are not permitted inside.
38
Activity or Tourism Zone
This zone is where the visitors experience the tourism. It is in the border of the protected area or
ecosystem. The activities do not disturb the ecosystem. Accommodation, restaurants, parks,
gardens, museums etc are located in this zone.
MAN AND NATURE
Nature is defined as “an organic environment where the majority of ecosystem processes are
present (e.g. birth, death, reproduction, relationship between species)” (Maller et al. 2006) Man
has been evolving in the nature, living in close contact with it for everything from time
immemorial. Humans have spent many thousands of years adapting to natural environments, yet
have only inhabited urban ones for relatively few generations (Glendinning 1995; Roszak et al.,
1995; Suzuki 1997; Gullone 2000). The advancements man has been making over the past few
millennia by taming nature is progressively reducing this umbilical dependency on nature.
Whilst modern ‘westernization’ has doubled our life expectancy, it has also created disparities
between ancient and present ways of living that may have paved the way for the emergence of
new serious diseases. ‘As more people survive to older age, and as patterns of living, consuming
and environmental exposures change, so non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart
disease, diabetes and cancer have come to dominate’ (McMichael, 2001 ). Further, mental,
behavioural and social health problems are seen to be an increasing health burden in all parts of
the world (Desjarlais et al., 1995).
In the olden times, prior to the development of effective medical treatments, man had been
depending on the healing power of nature, -(‘Vis Medicatrix Naturae’ ) that has resulted in the
evolution of many natural systems of medicine like Naturopathy, Ayurveda, and many other
traditional systems in different geographic regions and cultures
It is a fact that environment affects health for people of all ages. Man has been altering the
natural environment significantly over the past few centuries. The branch of Environmental
health has taught us much about human health hazards from environment. We know that air
pollution can cause respiratory diseases that heavy metals can cause neurotoxicity, and that
global climate change is likely to fuel some infectious diseases. But the natural environment,
broadly conceived, can also enhance health. Contact with the natural world may be directly
39
beneficial to health (Frumkin, 2001The literature distinguishes between three different levels of
contact with nature, each having its individual benefits for the participant
NATURAL HEALING SYSTEMS
Naturopathy:
Naturopathy is the medical system that depend maximum on the close contact with nature for
health promotion. Nature Cure is the teaching about the basic requirements for health and how to
maintain or to regain health in a natural way. Nature Cure teaches that the body is self-healing
and self-regenerating. Health is the normal, natural state of body and mind. Health is the result of
favorable conditions. Naturopathy is a system of alternative medicine based on the theory that
diseases can be successfully treated or prevented without the use of drugs, by natural techniques
such as control of diet, exercise, hydrotherapy, massage etc.
Unity of disease and unity of cure
One of the main principles of naturopathy is Unity of disease and unity of cure:- According to
this, diseases are caused due to Violation of he laws of Nature lowers the vitality, This causes the
accumulation of morbid matter in the body and the mind. The root cause for this is lifestyle away
from nature. At the same time, the body has innate mechanism to heal itself, provided a chance.
Return back to nature is thus the only way for cure (Unity of cure). Thus the nature cure system
aims at the readjustment of the human system from abnormal to normal conditions and functions,
and adopts methods of cure which are in conformity with the constructive principles of nature.
The factors necessary for optimal health according to naturopathy can be summarized as
follows:

Fresh air and correct breathing

Clean water

Exercise

Natural radiation, such as sunlight in balanced amount
40
CONCLUSION
Naturopathy treatments are best done in a natural environment, as it is in ecotourism too.
Pollution from the disposal of medicinal wastes, emission of Green House Gases during the
preparation of various Ayurvedic medicines etc are the concerns faced while considering the
environmental aspects of Ayurveda, which should be addressed while planning such initiatives
based on Ayurveda. At the same time, Naturopathy can well integrated into ecotourism, as there
is minimal reliance on herbal resources for treatment, as fresh air, sunlight, water, natural
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
Bowler et al. A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure
to natural environments. BMC Public Health 2010, 10:456
Desjarlais, R., Eisenberg, L., Good, B. and Kleinman, A. (1995) World Mental Health:
Problems and Priorities in Low-income Countries. . In Maller et al. Healthy nature healthy
people: ‘contact with nature’ as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations.
Health Promotion International, 2005. Vol. 21 No.
Frumkin H. Beyond Toxicity: Human Health and the Natural Environment. American
Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2001;20(3)
41
Paper Presentation-4
Problems and Prospects of Ecotourism in Kerala:
Evidence from Nilambur Municipality
N. Shihabudheen
PhD research scholar, Dept. of Applied Economics,
Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, Kerala
Abstract
Ecotourism is recognized by the government of modern days as a sector with high
potential for economic development and employment generation. International agencies like
World Tourism Organization have underscored the vast developmental potential of tourism
particularly for the developing nations like India and China. Inspite of the appreciable growth in
tourism over the last few years and the excellent growth prospects of the industry there are
growing apprehensions regarding the sustainability of tourism as a development paradigm
primarily because of the adverse environmental impacts of tourism. It is widely believed that
environment friendly tourism alone can be sustainable for development in the long run and
accordingly the concept of “Eco tourism” is gaining significance day by day. In this context this
study seeks to make an overall review of the current status of the Indian tourism and its broad
trends and patterns with a focus on Kerala tourism and its major problems and prospects and also
to make and empirical study of typical ecotourism destinations viz “Nilambur” in Malappuram
district of the state of Kerala.
Key words: Ecotourism, sustainable lively hood, positive externality, responsible travel
I. INTRODUCTION
Eco tourism is a new concept in tourism. It is a purposeful travel to natural areas to
understand the cultural and natural history of environment taking care not to alter the integrity of
the eco system, while producing economic opportunities that make conservation of natural
resources beneficial to local people. The term ecotourism was coined in 1983 by “Hector
Ceballos-Lascuriam” a Mexican environmentalist and was initially used to describe nature-based
travel to relatively undistributed areas with an emphasis on education. The concept has however
developed in to a scientific approach to the planning, management and development of
sustainable tourism products and activities. Ecotourism is recognized by the governments of
modern days as a sector with high potential for economic development and employment
generation. International agencies like World Tourism Organization have underscored the vast
developmental potential of tourism particularly for the developing nations like India and China
would emerge as the superpower in world tourism by the year 2020 In this context this study
seeks to make an overall review of the current status of the Indian tourism and its broad trends
and patterns with a focus on Kerala tourism and its major problems and prospects and also to
make and empirical study of typical ecotourism destinations viz “Nilambur” in Malappuram
district of the state of Kerala.
42
I.1. DEFINITIONS OF ECOTOURISM
National ecotourism strategy of Australia, defines eco tourism as a nature based tourism
that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be
ecological sustainable. Ecotourism can be distinguished from nature tourism by its emphasis on
conservation, education, traveler responsibility and active community participation .Thus
Ecotourism possesses the following characteristics;(1) conscientious, low impact visitor
Behaviour,(2) sensitivity towards and appreciation of local cultures and biodiversity,(3) support
for local conservation efforts,(4) sustainable benefits to local communities,(5) local participation
in decision making,(6) educational components for both the traveler and local communities. Thus
ecotourism can be illustrated as the tourism which is
II. ECOTOURISM IN INDIA
India is a rich land in terms of both natural beauty as well as cultural heritage, and this is
what eco tourist actually look for in their trip. Hence all those interested ecotourism have
tremendous scope in India. India has vast natural resources ranging from snow-capped
mountains, blooming valleys, sea resort, rolling rivers, dense forest, priceless mountains, temples
and other places of heritage to vast desert areas which can be important destination for tourist
.Instead of such boundaries of nature and varieties of region, culture and ethnicity, India
accounts for only 0.4% of the global tourism mark and similar in significant fraction of the world
tourism revenue
II.1. ECOTOURISM IN KERALA
In Kerala 56 places have been identified for development as eco tourism destination
giving emphasis to conservation ecological sustainability, environmental education and local
community benefits. Keeping this objective in mind the Kerala tourism has set up a separate
ecotourism wing to give policy support for the development of the ecotourism destinations in the
state. The forest and tourism department have just initiated process by which all the 12 wildlife
sanctuaries in the state will be opened for tourism.
II.2. ECOTOURISM IN MALAPPURAM
Like any other district of Kerala, Malappuram district is a treasure house of the natural
beauty. There are beaches, rivers, water, falls, backwaters, destinations, hills, valleys,
plantations, and not to forget a famous bird sanctuary to bind you with their charm. Moreover
these beauties of nature will help you forget the stressful life that you have been leading
continuously. So, on the sands and the let the exhaustion quietly flow away with the rushing
water or gaze at the water falling from a great height with a thundering sound and feel the
tranquility it still manages to give you.
43
II.3.ECOTOURISM IN NILAMBUR
Nilambur is a municipality and a taluk in the Malappuram district of Kerala. It is famous for its
forest, especially its wild life habitats, rivers, waterfalls, and teak plantation. It is situated close to
the Nilagiris range of the western hats on the banks of the Chaliyar .It is about 40 kilometers
from manjery on Kozhikode- ooty road. Nilambur is also home to the oldest teak plantation in
the world called Connolly’s plot. It is claimed that the world’s biggest teak is in the Nilambur
teak reserve. Nilambur is also famous for its bamboos. The name Nilambur means place of
nilamba. The Connolly’s plot, Adyanpara Waterfalls, Teak Museum, Nedumkayam, Aruvakode,
Kovilakams, Elembala hills and Valamthode are the important tourist attractions in Nilambur.
III.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
IV.
The main objective of the study are;(1) to make an overall review of the current status and major
trends and patterns of tourism with focus on Kerala tourism, (2) to make a case study of the
problems and prospects of ecotourism in Kerala based on a field based survey at Nilambur,(3)to
make suitable suggestions for more effective use of eco tourism for faster tourism and economic
development based on findings of the study.
V.
METHODOLOGY
The present study is based on both the primary and secondary data. The primary data is
collected from respondent in the major tourist place in Nilambur viz Teak Museum, Adyanpara
and Connolly’s plot using structured schedule. Primary data is collected from three categories of
respondents. They are the 40 local residents, 30 domestic travelers reaching the tourist
destinations and 30 foreign travelers coming to the tourist destinations. The secondary data have
been used mainly through review at literature, magazines, journals, news papers, internet
sources, tourist promotion office and published data.
VI. Economic Benefits of Tourism in India.
Tourism has got tremendous potential for economic development of a nation. Firstly, it
contributes to the national GDP. Secondly it creates high level of employment opportunities.
Indian tourism has got somewhat high share in the overall GDP of the country, though it is only
about half of the global average. Regarding employment generation, the rate of employment
offered by Indian tourism is slightly higher than the world average. Thus Indian tourism has got
high potential for creating employment opportunities. In fact, WTTC estimates that the top ten
countries with the greatest expected relative growth in employment over the next ten years are all
developing countries.
VII. Kerala Tourism: High Growth Prospects.
44
Kerala is today one of the most sought after tourist destinations in the world. Kerala,
known as “Gods own country” having beautiful hills, and valleys, lakes, back water, lagoons
seashore associated with rich heritage of art, culture indigenous medicines coupled with ideal
climate condition create a paradise for tourists. If one is to glance through the official states with
regards to tourists arrivals, there are clear indicators of an appreciable increase in tourist arrivals
in 2010 when compared to the scenario in 2009
Source: Developed from Kerala Tourist statics 2012.
From the figure 1 above We can see that both the total earning and foreign exchange
earning from tourism has been increasing for the last one decade in Kerala. It provide the state a
good potential to channelize this in wiping out the unemployment situation especially the
growing educated un employment in Kerala.
VIII. Problems and challenges of Ecotourism in the study area: Major findings
For the purpose of the study, respondents were categorized into three groups comprising of
local residents, domestic tourists and foreign tourists. The requisite data were collected through a
structured interview schedule from the three categories of respondents. The respondents were
selected purely on random sampling technique without considering their age, sex, class, country,
religion and income.
VIII. Major Issues/Challenges
The most important problem raised by the respondent in the tourist destination under study
area the low poor infrastructure.89 percent of the total respondent are dissatisfied by the
infrastructure available in the tourist destinations. Unavailability of trained guides, no special
Melas and fests in the tourist destinations and un availability of quality local products are also
the highest weighted defects noted by the respondents.
IX. Suggestion for enhancing the ecotourism in the study area
On the basis of the above findings and discussion the following strategies and measures are put
forwarded in order to reap the available potential in the tourism industry in the study area. They
can be listed as
a.
improvement of Infrastructure Facilities:
One of the most important pre-requisites for faster growth of ecotourism development as is
revealed by this study is development of better infrastructure facilities. These include
better road lines, air ports, accommodation facilities, drainage and sanitation facilities etc.
b.
More Publicity regarding the Tourism Services:
Tourists need better awareness regarding the availability of tourism services. This in turn
require better publicity from the part of the State and Central Governments, and also the
other stakeholders like the providers of tourism services viz. home stays, resorts etc. The
advances in ICT should be meaningfully used to attract the tourists, particularly the
foreign tourists, to the various tourism destinations in Kerala.
c.
improved Level of Services and Cleanliness:
45
d.
e.
Tourists, particularly foreign tourist expect enhanced level of services including better
cleanliness. These include, inter alia, readily accessible information kiosks, information
guides / bulletins, clean public utilities (sanitation, drainage etc.), hassle-free arrivals,
improved hygienic conditions in tourism sites and surroundings, clean air ports and
railway stations and so on.
Co-operation and Support from Local Population be Ensured:
It is all the more important that full co-operation and support from the local population is
ensured. This in turn requires their representation in all policy making forums. Tourism
policies that lack local support would not be sustainable in the long run. Besides,
resentment or hostility of the localities may alienate the tourists too.
skilled local guides:
Apart from ensuring maximum co-operation from the local community it is quite advisable
to bring about capacity building amongst the local community to manage and operate the
tourism sector.
X. Conclusion
The state of Kerala is in the journey to tap the high potential of the tourism industry in Kerala.
The emergence of ecotourism and responsible tourism as the new trend in the tourism industry
increases the hope of the state in reaping the best by establishing and developing well standard
and nature friendly eco tourism spots in the Kerala. The rich forests, back waters, rivers and
mountains min Kerala beacons the nature lovers and tourists all over the world. But the poor
infrastructure and un planned tourist destinations make our tourist destinations low gainer what
we already endowed with. If the state take very comprehensive measures to improve the
infrastructure, tourist based microenterprises, well trained guides and the destination based
Melas and fests, we can tackle the big problem of unemployment especially the educated un
employment in the state. The huge foreign exchange and revenue potential also give good hope
for the state in coming out from the financial stringency in the state.
References
1. Chatak, G.R. (2007), Sustainable Tourism Codes and Guidelines, Cyber-Tech Publications,
Daryaganj, New Delhi, First Edition.
2. Economic Review, Kerala State Planning Board, Government of Kerala, for the
3. Ecotourism in Kerala, (1999), Department of Public Relations, Govt. of Keralayears 2008 to
2012.
4. Milne, S. (1998). Tourism and sustainable development: Exploring the global-local nexus. In
C.M. Hall. & A.A. Lew (Eds.), Sustainable tourism: A geographical perspective (pp. 35-48).
Essex, UK: Longman.
5. Periyar Tiger Reserve, (2001) “The Wild & The Wonderful : Wildlife sanctuaries and National
parks of Kerala”, Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala,
46
Paper Presentation-5
Ecotourism: The potential areas in Malabar
Asoora.K
&
Sabidha.K
Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor,
Dept. Of Commerce
Dept. Of commerce
MES College, Mampad
T.M.G College, Tirur
Introduction
To day ecotourism is one of the fastest growing segments of the tourism industry. Its potential
growth is virtually unlimited. Ecotourism provides more enjoyable experiences for tourists
through more meaningful connections with local people and a greater understanding of local
culture, social and environmental issues, etc. It encourages respect between tourists and hosts,
and built local pride and confidence. It is widely believed that environment friendly tourism can
be sustainable for the development of the long run; therefore the concept of ecotourism is
gaining significance day by day.
Ecotourism is a purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the
cultural and natural history of environment, taking care not to alter the integrity of ecosystem
while providing economic opportunities that make conservation of natural resources beneficial to
local people. The International Ecotourism society defines ecotourism as “responsible travel to
natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people.”
Ecotourism typically involve travel to destination where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are
the primary attractions
Kerala – The God’s Own Country
The state of Kerala, with Arabian Sea in the west, the Western Ghats in
the east, and networked by 44 rivers, and also contains a protected area of 2324 sq. km in two
national Parks and 12 Wild Life Sanctuaries. The Western Ghats of Kerala, with its tropical
forest ecosystem provides natural advantages for development of ecotourism. Miles of beaches,
back water, pristine valleys and mountains, exotic species of rare flora and fauna, Wild Life
Sanctuaries and National Parks, enchanting art forms, magical festivals, etc. are all unique to
Kerala and has given it the sobriquets of “God’s Own Country.”
Kerala, the green gate way of India offers the maximum potential for the
promotion of ecotourism.
47
Malappuram – The Greenish Part of Kerala
The hilly district of Malappuram falls among the northern districts in the
state of Kerala closely bordered by the mountain ranges of Western Ghats on its east and
enriched by three great rivers through it – the Chaliyar, Kadalundi, Bharathapuzha. Malappuram
has a rich and eventful history along with historic monuments, diverse natural attractions,
arrange of cultural and ritual forms, etc. adds values to its as a destination.
Ecotourism in Nilambur
Nilambur is a municipality and taluk in the malappuram District of Kerala.
It is situated closely to the Nilgris range of the Western Ghats on the banks of the Chaliyar River.
The mild climate, wild life habitat, Teak plantation, waterfalls and rivers are remarkably
touching experience to visitors. This area is one of the most diverse and beautiful wild life
locations in India with unexplored secrets. The following are the some of the specialties of
Nilambur:




The only place in Kerala with two DFO Offices.
The first place in the world where museum is dedicated to teak trees.
One of the earliest Rubber plantations in India.
Famous for the presence of primitive tribal settlements.
Nilambur has lot of place that has potential for ecotourism. The development of ecotourism
projects in these places contributes economic development to the local people in Nilambur area.
Ecotourism Potential Areas in Nilambur
1.Teak Museum
The well known museum is located 2km away from Nilambur, regarded as
the first in this kind in the world and the only one in India. The museum was established on the
campus of the sub-Centre of Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) in 1995 because of the
historical significance of the Teak to this region. It is a house to the treasures of historical,
aesthetic, and scientific aspects of Teak. Some of the important attractions in Teak Museum are:
 Extensive root system of a 55years old Teak tree.
 Large stump of a 480 years old Teak tree.
 Collection of over 300 butterflies, moths, and insects.
 Collection of photographs on the phonological events of Teak at different seasons.
 World class library on Teak.
 Mini auditorium for audio-visual presentation.
 Nature trail passes through a heavy growth shrubs, trees, and bamboos.
 Different species of Birds and Reptiles.
 50 naturally grown tree species and 136 endangered and near-extinct tree species.
 Medical plant garden consisting of 150 species.
Teak museum offers a lifelong travel experience to visitors who love trees and nature.
2. Connolly’s Plot
One of the oldest Teak plantations in the world, the Conolly Plot is named
after H.V. Conolly, the District Collector of Malabar during the British Rule, who decided to
plant Teak in 1840s in order to ensure a steady supply of Teak timber to the British. Along with a
local sub-forest conservator Chattu Menon, he successfully carried out the planting new Teak
48
trees. The longest hanging bridge in Kerala built across the river Chaliyar to reach the Conolly
Plot. The plantation also houses a big tree which has a girth of 420cm. it is just 2km from
Nilambur Town.
4. Adyan Para
Adyan Para waterfall is situated 20km from Nilambur and prominent site
for ecotourism center. Its main attraction is the splendor of its wooded jungles.
5. Valamthodu
This is the tallest waterfall in Nilambur and in Malappuram District as
well. This waterfall, with sublime beauty is situated about 24kms away from Nilambur.
Moreover, Valamthodu or Kozhipara waterfall is closed to the proposed hill highway that
connects Thiruvanathapuram to Kasargod. The fall located in valamthodu (kakadam poyil) of
Chaliyar Panchayat is an ideal picnic spot for those who interested in trekking and hiking. June
to February is the best time to visit this waterfall.
6. Nedumkayam
Nedumkayam, located about 18kms from the town of niambur, is best
known for its dense rain forest. The place revels in natural beauty and displays an extensive
variety of flora and fauna. One of attractions in this place is the Wooden Rest houses constructed
during the colonial times. Travelers can enjoy the vista of greenish surroundings and animal life
from these wooden rest houses and them can enter in to Forest Zone after obtaining permission
from the Forest Department. The region is included under the Nilgiri biosphere Reserve and this
area is ideal for trekking. Elephant taming camp attracts tourists to this place.
7. Banglavu kunnu
Banglavu Kunnu at Nilambur is famous for its winding road where
ayurvedic herbs are planted on the both sides of the Officer’s cottages. Britishers built their
banglavu in this place on the side of Chaliyar River because of its beauty and strategic
importance of this place.
8.Nilambur kovilakam
It is a royal residence of nilambur family. This reflect the Traditional
Kerala Architecture mainly arts in wood. The palace and Nilambur kovilakam Temple were built
by Nilambur Raja more than 200years ago.
9.Kumbham Handicrafts Village
This village situated in Aruvacode, near Nilambur. This village brings
their traditional crafts back to life when the modern tools attack the craft. About 80 potters of this
village, who have reinvested their ingenuity and skill, and engaged in the activities of Kumbham
Handicraft Village. Today Kumbham offers more than 500 products including kitchen tools,
office stationary, accessories for interior designing, etc.
49
10. Munderi Forest
Munderi Forest is enriched with varieties of flora and fauna and the
natural beauty attract the people. Adivasis like Chola Naikar reside at Munderi forest. It is an
ideal place for trekking.
10. Chingan Kallu
This place located 20kms away from Nilambur. The importance of
the place is the freedom fighters were hiding out at chingan kallu of chokkad Village during
Malabar Revolt.
11.T.K. Colony
T.K.Colony is the beautiful eco-point in Nilambur forest area
(Amarambalam Reserve Forest) nearest to the Silent Valley Buffer Zone. The greenish views,
varieties of flora and fauna, Traibal villages etc. are the main attraction in this place.
12.Pullangode
Pullangode is a place near nilambur where there is a rubber estate
and industry.
13.Kallamoola-vallipoola
This is a place situated near Pullangode, here you can see small
waterfall.
14.Vaniyambalam
Vaniyambalam situated 12kms away from nilambur, here famous
temple Banasura situated on a huge rock covering 40acres land and with proportional height
beside the Shornur-Nilambur Railway line.
15.Nadukani Churam
18kms curvy hill road and thick forest in Western Ghat part of
Nilgiri is situated on the road to Ootty just after Vazhikkadavu
Conclusion:
Ecotourism helps the local people for economic development. The local people in the above
places can attain high economic development through the implementation of suitable economic
projects in these places. It is the role of Government and other local authorities to help the people
for effective and efficient use of natural resources without affecting them.
References:

Dr. Santosh. P. Thampi: Ecotourism in Kerala, India: Lessons from the EcoDevelopment Project in Periyar Tiger Reserve, ECOCLUB.com E-Paper Series, Nr. 13,
June 2005

www.google.com

www.keralatourism.org

www.wikipedia.com

www.travelnilambur-blogspot.com
50
Paper Presentation-6
Indigenous Eco tourism: Potential and challenges in Wayanad, Kerala
Sibi George,
&
Mohammed Niyas
Asst. Professor
2 year MBA (Tourism)
Dept. of Tourism Studies
Dept. of Tourism Studies
Pondicherry University
Pondicherry University
Introduction
India is easily accessible from any part of the world. With the increased connectivity,
state of the art infrastructure and unique products to showcase, India is emerging as a preferred
destination for Heritage, Eco and MICE tourism for international travelers. Tourists are gradually
moving towards niche travel like adventure, luxury, ethnic, indigenous, heritage, health and
many other such new tourism products. They look forward to experience and to be part of the
culture and heritage of the destinations they seek to explore. The travel and tourism industry in
India is taking a fresh look at the sustainable development of the tourist sites. The Special
Interest Tourism (SIT), a fast growing concept and approach to tourism demonstrates a strong
people centered, sustainable model which seeks more authentic experiences enabling closer
interaction with host communities. Hall & Weiler (1992) suggests that rewarding, enriching,
adventuresome and learningare the four major elements of Special Interest Tourism. SIT
products offer customized packages of experiences developed for niche markets . These products
provide unique insights into particular destinations, communities or bodies of knowledge. In the
realm of SIT, indigenous people are becoming a part of tourism industry now. This segment
named ‘Indigenous Tourism’ forms a special interest area for tourists who prefer to experience
the authentic indigenous culture and ethnicity.
Profile of Indigenous Tourism
Indigenous tourism became a new visitor market from 1990s. The unique indigenous
history and culture of aboriginal people offer indigenous tourism a heritage tourism
manifestation. Indigenous association with nature makes it a form of nature based tourism. In a
51
way indigenous tourism is community based tourism with the involvement of indigenous people
at different levels. Indigenous ethnicity which is the major attraction for indigenous tourism
provides it an image of Ethnic Tourism. It is also associated with Tribal Tourism, Regional
Tourism and Alternate tourism. Interest in indigenous tourism throws open new economic
opportunities for the host communities.
Indigenous cultures are of special interest and the primary motivating factor for tourists traveling
to exotic destinations, regions, attractions and events. They include native museums and cultural
villages, nature based tours, indigenous festivals and events and indigenous art galleries.
Indigenous tourism attractions are often located in rural or remote regions with limited
infrastructure facilities Cultural, environmental and spiritual aspects of indigenous heritage and
traditions form the integral part of indigenous tourism.
Unlike other tourism products, indigenous tourism is place and people centric. The close
association of aboriginal people with nature gives scope for indigenous ecotourism and
indigenous wildlife tourism.Most tourism organizers consider indigenous tourism, wildlife
tourism and ecotourism as separate niches or special interest areas of nature tourism.
Indigenous ecotourism
Indigenous ecotourism is tourism that cares for the environment which involves indigenous
people in decision making and management. According to Drumm (1998) ‘indigenous
community based ecotourism involves eco tourism programs which take place under the control
and active participation of the local people who inhabit a natural attraction.’ Nepal (2005) opines
that indigenous ecotourism involves nature conservation and promotion of business enterprises
in order to generate income for community development. Indigenous eco tourism ventures focus
on indigenous relationships with the land and the cultural significance of the natural environment
including wildlife. Such tours educate visitors on indigenous environmental values, sustainable
use of natural resources and caring for the country (Zeppel, 2007).Indigenous ecotourism has the
following features:

Unique indigenous perspective of natural and cultural environment;

Nature conservation;

Employment for local indigenous people;

Awareness about indigenous environmental values;

Sustainable use of natural resources; and
52

Caring for the land
Indigenous tourism resources and interests are well matched by demands and sensitivity
of Eco tourists (Hinch, 1998). There is considerable synergy between ecotourism and indigenous
tourism. Aboriginal tourism in Australia identifies the following core elements that have
correlations with ecotourism:

it is concerned with cultural and biological diversity;

active decision-making is accorded to local communities and aboriginal communities;
and

it acknowledges the special connection to the land and waters of aboriginal peoples
and recognises the knowledge of aboriginal people and communities (RobertsonFriend,2004).
Zeppel (2003) identified 30 indigenous ecotourism ventures in
Australia which are nature based, environmentally educative and sustainably
managed. The key themes in indigenous ecotourism include: community
development, empowerment and sustainable tourism. (Zeppel,2006)
Indigenous Ecotourism needs to consider environmental, cultural, economic and political
factors that may limit or control tourism development.
Tourism scenario of Wayanad
The scenic beauty, exotic landscape and rich heritage of Wayanad district of Kerala offer
several opportunities for tourism promotion more vigorously. Wayanad's wildlife, plantations,
and cuisine further enrich the tourism potential. The district is best known among nature lovers
who search for adventure and novel experiences.
Wayanad is a multi-faceted destination with immense potential for Rural tourism
,Heritage tourism, Leisure tourism, Island tourism ,Adventure tourism, Hydel tourism ,Pilgrim
tourism ,Wildlife tourism , Tribal tourism , Plantation tourism, Spice tourism, Health tourism and
Ecotourism . Wayanad has attractions for special interest tourists seeking nature, jungle walk
and indigenous culture. In simple, Wayanad has in its tourism product basket everything for
tourists.
Wayanad offers a novel tourism experience with the presence of various types of
tourisms in a small district. The appeal of the diverse indigenous culture offers a new dimension
53
of indigenous tourism also which would be a sustainable model for Wayanad to preserve the
tribal culture and the tribal empowerment. At present the only initiative from the Department of
Tourism is the tribal village visits which they organise for the interested tourists as part of
Responsible Tourism promotion.
Many such ideas are in pipeline.
The possible way of
involving indigenous community in the eco tourism activities of Wayanad include Aboriginal
owned or managed wildlife tours, Indigenous interpretations on nature and culture,
Tribal
village visit, Knowledge on ethnic medicines, Information on forest product collection and
processing, Ethnic food preparation etc.
Challenges for Indigenous eco-tourism
The non conceptive principle of eco tourism that is experiencing a place with consuming
any thing from there make it difficult to get eco- tourism accreditation. It is very difficult to
balance cultural integrity with concept of commercialisation . The fluctuating demand for
indigenous eco tourism as it is a special interest product form another challenge. Lack of skill
and experience in product formulation and marketing is another major problem in this area. The
sensitive nature of ‘tribes’ and the difficulty in bringing them to the frontline is always a question
while planning for indigenous tourism. Problem of communication and lack of management
skill also need to overcome. The earlier experience of exploitation by middle men make them
view any new attempt with doubt.
Conclusion
Indigenous eco tourism, a niche segment and a special interest service is a model for cultural and
natural sustainability. In an area like Wayanad this unique model will give a new outlook for
tourism. Empowerment of Indigenous community in Wayanad is possible to a large extent
through introducing this concept. The level of tribal involvement could be maximized through
indigenous tourism promotion where the tribal community is the major beneficiaries. This vast
potential for indigenous tourism can be utilised only when the
respected and their rights are protected legally.
54
indigenous community is
Paper Presentation-7
OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES
FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECO TOURISM IN KERALA
RAHEENA K M
Guest Lecturer
TM Govt. College, Tirur
&
HARITHA P H
MPhil Scholar
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
Abstract
Worldwide tourism is recognized by the governments as a sector with high potential for
economic development and employment generation. International agencies like World Tourism
Organization (WTO) have underscored the vast developmental potential of tourism particularly
for the developing nations like India. It is estimated that economies like India and China would
emerge as the superpowers in world tourism by the years 2020. In spite of the appreciable
growth in tourism over the last few years and the excellent growth prospects of the industry,
there are growing apprehensions regarding the sustainability of tourism as a development
paradigm primarily because of the adverse environmental impacts of tourism. It is widely
believed that environment friendly tourism alone can be sustainable for development in the long
run, and accordingly the concept of ‘Ecotourism’ is gaining significance day by day. In this
context, this paper seeks to make an overall review of the current status of eco tourism and its
broad trends and patterns with a focus on Kerala tourism .
Introduction
Tourism, when managed in the absence of well thought-out plans and programs, may
spell doom to natural habitats. Apart from this, the cultural shock imparted the tourism on the
local communities may put their very survival in danger. It is in this context that ecotourism is
considered as a solution for tourism related environmental problems. Ecotourism primarily
means marketing the serene natural habitats as tourism 'product' with an inherent element of
nature education. Renowned as God's Own Country, Kerala is a tourism destination that focuses
on sustainable and eco-friendly development of tourism. A rich biodiversity and unmatched
natural attractions make the State a unique ecotourism hotspot, of which the world is largely
unaware. To explore the ecotourism possibilities in Kerala, a host of products have been
developed with the active support and involvement of the local community. Eco tourism projects
the concept of sustainability in tourism. That is, the needs of today’s visitor should not be met at
the expense of future generations.
Objectives of the study
. To understand the concept of Eco Tourism
. To analyze the prospects of eco tourism in Kerala
. To analyze the positive and negative effects of eco tourism
. To understand the challenges of ecotourism in Kerala
. To suggest the strategies for development of eco tourism in Kerala
55
ECO TOURISM: WHAT IS IT?
Any tourism program that is:




nature based ,
ecologically sustainable,
where education and interpretation are major components and
where local people are benefited, can be called ecotourism.
If it does not satisfy any one of these components then it cannot be called a real ecotourism
venture
The International Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as “responsible travel that
conserves the environment and sustains the well being of the local people.” A tourism program
that is nature based, ecologically sustainable, environmentally educative, locally beneficial and
generates tourist satisfaction can be called ecotourism.
Main features of eco tourism
(i)Ecotourism seeks to make the visitor aware of the importance of the destination.
(ii)Its principal aim is benefiting from nature, landscape or specific species.
(iii)It involves low visitor impact and should contribute to the well-being of local population.
(iv)It involves a purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the cultural and natural history
of environment.
(v)It is a very powerful means to preserve and develop the biodiversity.
(vi)Ecotourism involves sharing of the responsibility by both travelers and service providers.
(vii)It underlines the sustainability of tourism, ie. The needs of today’s visitors should not be met
at the expense of future generations.
viii)It may involve travel to any area of nature for admiring and enjoying
the bio-diversity, natural landscapes and cultural and social heritage of the area.
Prospects of ecotourism in Kerala
Kerala is today one of the most sought after tourist destinations in the world. Kerala, known as
“Gods own country” having beautiful hills, and valleys, lakes, back water, lagoons seashore
associated with rich heritage of art, culture indigenous medicines coupled with ideal climate
condition create a paradise for tourists.
Kerala is labeled as one of the ten paradises of the world by the National Geographic Traveler,
Kerala is famous especially for its ecotourism initiatives. Its unique culture and traditions,
coupled with its varied demography, has made Kerala one of the most popular tourist
destinations in the world. The state's tourism agenda promotes ecologically sustained tourism,
which focuses on the local culture, wilderness adventures, volunteering and personal growth of
the local population. Efforts are taken to minimize the adverse effects of traditional tourism on
the natural environment, and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. The Western Ghats of
Kerala with its tropical forest ecosystem provides a natural advantage for the development of this
segment of tourism. In true sense, theWestern Ghats region of Kerala can be projected as an
Ecotourism Zone.
56
Positive and negative impacts of eco tourism
Type of impact
Positive Impacts
Negative Impacts
Environmental Impacts
-Provides Maximum incentive
for conservation of natural
areas.
-Advocates for conservation
with development .
-Educate both tourists and
local about environmental
ethics.
-Indirect damage of
vegetation.
-Decay of habitats.
-Disturbance of wildlife.
-Pollutions air, noise etc
and waste.
-Invasion of new species.
-Massive commercialization
of natural resources.
Economic Impacts
-Balance economic
development with proper
income distribution in local
communities .
-Increase job opportunities for
local people.
-Sustainable infrastructures
building.
-Promoting of local economy .
-Education for the importance
of various traditions local
cultures, , arts, music, and
other historical and religious
heritages.
-Promotion and conservation
of various local cultures,
traditions and other historical
and religious heritages.
-Diversification of cultural
activities and cultural
exchange
-Leakage of income.
-Increase unhealthy
competition among local
people.
Socio-cultural Impacts
-Risk of cultural
degradation due to western
invasion.
-Various social problems.
-Affect of seasonality.
-Undesirable
commercialization of
cultural and religious assets.
-Crowd and undesirable
behaviour of visitors.
MAJORISSUES/CHALLENGES
(1) Lack of adequate infrastructural facilities
(2) Poor publicity regarding the tourism services
(3) Lack of cleanliness,
(4) Negative attitude of the local community.
STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT ECOTOURISM
(i) Development of Better Infrastructure Facilities:
57
One of the most important pre-requisites for faster growth of ecotourism development as
is revealed by this study is development of better infrastructure facilities.
(ii) Better Publicity regarding the Tourism Services:
Tourists need better awareness regarding the availability of tourism services. This in turn
require better publicity from the part of the State and Central Governments, and also the other
stakeholders like the providers of tourism services homestays, resorts etc.
(iii) Enhanced Level of Services and Better Cleanliness:
These include, inter alia, readily accessible information kiosks, information guides /
bulletins, clean public utilities (sanitation, drainage etc.), hassle-free arrivals, improved hygienic
conditions in tourism sites and surroundings, clean air ports and railway stations and so on.
(iv) Co-operation and support from local population be ensured:
It is all the more important that full co-operation and support from the local population is
ensured. This in turn requires their representation in policy making forums.
(v) CapacityBuilding amongst the Local Community:
It is quite advisable to bring about capacity building amongst the local community to
manage and operate the tourism sector.
(vi) Enhanced Investment, particularly through PPP (Public-Private Partnership) Model:
To meet the heavy investment requirements a PPP (Public Private Partnership) model
wherein the Government plays the roles of both an enabler and regulator is advisable.
CONCLUSION
Kerala with its competitive advantage in destinations and a socially conscious
population can lead the way in responsible/ecotourism tourism activities For ecotourism to be
sustainable, it has to be small scale in terms of tourist numbers, physical infrastructure and
facilities. Ecotourism is not a product for mass market as it appeals to a narrowly defined market
of specialized nature interest groups. As the number of tourists increase ecotourism becomes
mass tourism and generates similar infrastructural demands and proportionate impact on
environment as conventional tourism. This necessitates the need for defining the ecotourism
properly to convey the message to all. Eco tourism is being entertained by many communities
and governments as a reasonable and rational way for economic development and preserving
their particular bit for the environment. If the idea of Ecotourism is well planned then it can work
beatifically if not , then disastrous results to both the environment and people occur ecotourism
in the following way: To co-ordinate, assist and stimulate cultural and environmental tourist
development, recognizing the importance of conservation and maintenance of local cultural
heritage and the natural resources of the region for present-day generations and generations to
come.
Reference
. Department of Tourism (2000), Tourism Policy: Vision 2020, Government of Kerala.
. Batra G.S. and Dangwal R.C. (Eds.) ;Tourism Promotion and Development New
Advances Deep Publications (P) Ltd.. New Delhi (2000)
. Joseph K.V. "Tourism and Development - A Case Study of Kerala” :ICSSR R
58
Paper Presentation-8
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF ECOTOURISM IN NILAMBUR MUNICIPALITY
IN MALAPPURAM DISTRICT.
Noushad. P
Introduction
Eco tourism is a new concept in tourism. It is a purposeful travel to natural areas to understand
the cultural and natural history of environment taking care not to alter the integrity of the eco
system, while producing economic opportunities that make conversation of natural resources
beneficial to local people. Ecotourism is recognized by government as a sector with high
potential for economic development and employment generation worldwide. In spite of the
appreciable growth in tourism over the last few years and the excellent growth prospects of the
industry there are growing apprehensions regarding the sustainability of tourism as a
development paradigm primarily because of the adverse environmental impact of tourism. It is
widely believed that environment friendly tourism alone can be sustainable for development in
the long run and accordingly the concept of "Eco tourism" is gaining significance day by day.
Nilambur is a Municipality and a Taluk in the malppuram District of Kerala. It is famous for its
forest, especially its wild life habitats, reverse, waterfalls and Teak plantation. It is situated close
to the Nilagiris range of the westernghats on the banks of the Chaliyar. The importance
destinations in Nilambur are; Teak museum, Adyanpara, Nedumkayam and Canollyplot. The
well-known Teak Musium located at Nilambur in the Malappuram District of Kerala. Regarded
as the first of its kind in the world and only one in India; It is a house to the treasures of
historical, aesthetic aspects of Teak. Along with them, one can also come across a collection of
over 300 butterflies, moths and insect found in Teak plantations. The wild beauty of Adyanpara
comprising the waterfalls and the splendor of its lush surrounding jungles is a rare treat for the
eyes and heart of the travelers. The place Nilambur including Nedumkayam is selected for
developing as Kerala's second eco - tourism destinations. The wooden rest house buit here by
British officers a Panoramic view of the elephant and deer grazing in the forest nearby. They
region is home to elephants, bison's, dears, tigers, blue monkeys, bears, rabits, wild cats and
verity of birds and reptiles. Nilambur is famous for its teak plantation. The oldest Teak plantation
of the world is in the Canolly's plot is just 2 km, from Nilambur town the plot was named is in
memory of H.V Canolly.
59
Objectives
1. To examine the problems and prospectus of eco tourism in Nilambur.
2. To make suggestions effective use of ecotourism for faster economic development of
Nilambur.
Statement of the problems
The significance of Ecotourism development is widely recognized as a tool for faster economic
development particularly in Nilambur. Ecotourism is also considered as an important way
through which the local community is included in the benefits of tourism development. But the
present situation is not satisfactory. The infrastructure facilities, participation of local
communities in the tourism activities and disbursement of benefits to the locals and development
of tourism activities still face of many problems. As it is widely accepted, eco tourism would be
flourished only through the active participation and cooperation of local communities. But the
local communities have not been either included or participant in ecotourism project in the
expected manner. Hence the present study is an attempt to examine such problems existing Ecotourism in Kerala with special reference to Nilambur at Malappuram district.
Methodology
In order to attain the objectives of the study the following methodology has been used .The
study is based on both the primary and secondary data. The primary data is collected from
visitors and local people of the importance destinations in Nilambur are Teak Museum,
Adyanpara, Nedumkayam and Canolly’s Plot. The survey covers 300 visitors and 200 local
people of the different ecotourism destinations in Nilambur. The study mainly examines
problems of the visitors and local people. Data collected from respondent in the major ecotourist
destination in Nilambur through the use approved questionnaires and personal interview. The
secondary data have been used mainly through review of relevant literature and reports,
magazines, journals, newspapers, websites, tourism promotion offices and the data are also taken
from District Tourism Promotion Council Offices.
Analysis and interpretation of data
SI
No
1
Factors
Frequency
%
Natural beauty
160
53.34
2
Reachability
23
7.67
3
Economy
194
31.34
4
Recreationality
113
4.34
6
Other
10
3.34
Total
300
100
Table 4.1
60
Table 4.2
Area
No:
of %
Respondents
Malappuram
229
Sl no
1
people in ecotourism destination in Nilambur.
73.33
2
Other district
56
18.66
3
Other states
22
7.33
4
Survey conducted through 300 visitors and 200 local
Area
wise
distribution
of
Attractive factors of tourist destinations
respondent
Table 4.1 show the area wise distribution of
respondent. Majority of the visitors are Malappuram
Total
300
100
district. It can be found from table 4.1.The total 300
respondents 53.34% were influenced by natural beauty,
31.34% were influenced economy, and 7.67 % were attached reachability.
International
3
0.66
Table 4.3
Table 4.4
Infrastructure under by Tourism Department
SI
No
1
2
Opinion
Frequency
%
Very good
Good
128
131
42.66
43.67
3
4
Bad
Very bad
28
13
9.33
4.34
Total
300
100
Safety measures of Ecotourism destinations
SI
No
1
2
3
4
Opinion
Frequency
%
Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
Poor
Total
28
63
87
122
300
9.33
21
29
40.66
100
Table 4.3 show opinion about infrastructure undertaken by tourism department. Out of 300
respondents 42.66% respondents are said infrastructure undertaken by tourism development is
very good. 43.67% respondents are said it is good 9.33% said bad and 4.34% are very bad.
Findings and Suggestion
Out of 300 samples, 73.33% of the visitors are Malappuram district. Accommodation
facility available in various tourist destinations in Nilambur is very poor. While 53.34 of the
tourist are attracted to the natural beauty of the regions, also the economy(31.34).The security
measures taken in various ecotourism destinations is very poor. The 71% of the locals are not
satisfied by development their locality as a tourism destinations, this is against the concept of
eco tourism. Majority of the visitors are complained about transport facility and other
recreations at the region. Only 29% have positive outlook of ecotourism projects and rest of them
have a mixed response. Another major area of the concern, which is also the main objective of
ecotourism projects is the local participations in the projects. The projects failed to generate
sufficient employment opportunity to local people. The local administration could not remove
the concern of the local communities as the complaint on them. Local people fears the anti
social activities and high wasted disposal by the tourists. Tourism has a very little role on the
61
overall development of Nilambur. Tourism department should pay more attention to promote
eco-tourism in Nilambur. There should be much provision for getting food in various tourist
places. Adequate measures should be taken to promote locally inclusive tourism projects. It is the
essence of Ecotourism. The authorities should take adequate measures to ensure the dumping of
the waste disposed by the tourist. Otherwise it will create various social costs and environmental
degradation. The anti social activities which are complained by the local peoples should be
seriously addressed. Otherwise it will create the area troublesome.
Conclusion
The development of eco tourism in addition to tourism would undoubtedly enhance the
economic development of Nilambur area. The better local participation towards the eco tourism
is one of the distinguishing features of the proposed project from other tourism development
options. But government and tourism department this not giving much attention for the
development of these places. So tourism Department should take necessary actions for the
development of these tourist destinations in Nilambur and also should give publicity for them.
For a successful and effective ecotourism projects at this region their needs many changes both
at the structural and execution level.
References
1. Ecotourism in Kerala, (2009), Department of Public Relations, Govt. of Kerala
2 Teak museum, canolly plot ; Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala, (2012)
3. Tourism Statistics, Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala (2012)
4 Brundtland G.H. (1987), The Brundtland Report, World Commission on
Environment and Development, Oxford University Press.
5. Bhardwaj, D.S, Kandari, O.P et. al. (1998), Domestic Tourism in India, Indus
Publishing Company, New Delhi., First Edition
6. Economic Review 2012, State Planning Board, Government of Kerala, March 2013
62
Paper Presentation-9
The International Ecotourism society- an Overview
Ms.Fathimath Najla.K.V
Mr.Shaheer Sabiq.M
Assistant professor,
Assistant professor,
Dept. Of commerce,
&
MES College, mampad
Dept. Of commerce,
MES College, mampad
INTRODUCTION
The International Ecotourism Society of the "eco-tourism" is defined as: "the development and
use of ecological resources charm retained the natural environment in order to promote the
harmonious development of man while and ecology." The International Ecotourism Society,
founded in 1990, is currently the world's largest and oldest state is committed to the promotion
and dissemination of information on tourism and non-governmental non-profit organizations for
sustainable tourism. The agency currently members include businesses from more than 100
countries and regions of the world, including: contractor package tour providers, hotels, business
owners managers, academics and consultants specialized areas, conservation professionals,
government officials, architects, regulation division, NGO leaders, media and tourists. As a nongovernmental non-profit organization, the International Ecotourism Society is able to provide a
unique and professional guidance, develop guidelines and policies, training, technical assistance
and research and publishing professional organizations, and in order to promote the sound
development of eco-tourism.
THE INTERNATIONAL ECOTOURISM SOCIETY (TIES)
The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated
to promoting ecotourism. TIES has been on the forefront of the development of ecotourism,
providing guidelines and standards, training, technical assistance, and educational resources.
TIES' global network of ecotourism professionals and travelers is leading the efforts to make
tourism a viable tool for conservation, protection of bio-cultural diversity, and sustainable
63
community development. Megan Epler Wood founded The International Ecotourism Society
(TIES) in 1990, the oldest and largest non-profit organization in the world dedicated to making
ecotourism a tool for sustainable tourism development worldwide.
Through membership services, industry outreach and educational programs, TIES is committed
to helping organizations, communities and individuals promote and practice the principles of
ecotourism. TIES currently has members in more than 120 countries, representing various
professional fields and industry segments including: academics, consultants, conservation
professionals and organizations, governments, architects, tour operators, lodge owners and
managers, general development experts, and ecotourists.
VISION
1. "Development and use of ecological resources charm retained the natural environment, and in
order to promote the harmonious development of man and ecology", available from the
following aspects: the establishment of a large international perfect for individuals and various
social organizations and the tourism industry Network communication platform
2. Provide professional guidance and counseling services for tourists and tourism development
o To promote the tourism industry, public institutions and social donation system, a
perfect combination with the development of this purpose, and to develop a series
of operational activities and Conferences & workshops
o EducationalAwareness-building initiatives
TIES BOARD OF DIRECTORS
 TIES ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD
TIES Executive Board is designed to utilize the strengths and expertise of supporters of
ecotourism who have governance and business experience, as well as the ability and desire to
support TIES' financial growth. Dr. Kelly Bricker is the present board of chair of TIES
64
 TIES ADVISORY BOARD
TIES Advisory Board comprises of ecotourism experts and industry leaders. Representing
diverse groups of ecotourism and sustainable tourism stakeholders, the Advisory Board serves as
an effective venue to support TIES mission. TIES aim to collaborate with Advisory Board
members to help increase the organization's potentials through new projects and outreach
initiatives.
MEMBERS
TIES partners with environmental NGO's, travel associations, conservation groups and other
organizations that share our commitment to responsible travel and sustainable development
worldwide in various ways. We welcome innovative ideas and suggestions on potential future
partnerships.
 ECOTOURISM ASSOCIATIONS
Providing the vital links between governments, NGOs, businesses and citizens, local, national
and regional ecotourism associations are a crucial part of our efforts to further TIES mission. It
offers complimentary Organization membership to non-profit, non-governmental and multistakeholder associations with primary focus on ecotourism and sustainable travel.
 INDUSTRY PARTNERS

Our partnerships with these organizations have helped strengthen our projects and
enhance our outreach efforts. We are proud to collaborate with our partners to promote
and increase awareness among stakeholders like United Nations World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO),United Nations Foundation (UNF), United Nations
Environmental Programme (UNEP),Rainforest Alliance, etc,,.
 TECHNOLOGY PARTNERS
Podio: a new type of web based collaboration software. Where sharing, communicating and
getting work done takes place in one online platform - fully customizable through the unique
ability to create your own apps
65
OPPORTUNITIES FOR ECOTOURISM PROFESSIONALS
 PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIP
Professional members receive benefits tailored to those working in ecotourism and related fields,
and those interested in sharing their expertise and improving their skills. Join TIES as a
Professional member and take advantage of various benefits and resources available through
TIES' global network.
 ESTC CONFERENCE
The Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism Conference (ESTC) is a unique annual conference
focusing on innovative ideas and practical solutions to advance sustainability goals for the
tourism industry. TIES members receive the best rates to register for the ESTC and enjoy its
learning and networking benefits.
 WORKSHOPS
TIES workshops, organized in collaboration with destination partners, aims to enhance
knowledge and to strengthen opportunities for industry stakeholders to benefit from sustainable
tourism, empowering tourism professionals to make a positive impact, as well as achieving
revenue goals and business priorities.
 INDUSTRY NEWS & PROFESSIONAL RESOURCES
TIES members have exclusive access to regular updates on professional opportunities (projects,
industry events, publications, speaking engagements and networking tools) relevant to those
working in the field of ecotourism. These updates are made available to registered members via
the Member Center.
WORKSHOPS
 IMPROVING EDGE
66
TIES workshops, organized in collaboration with destination partners, aim to enhance
knowledge and strengthen opportunities for stakeholders to benefit from sustainable tourism.
 ECOTOURISM PRINCIPLES, SUSTAINABLE TOURISM STRATEGIES
Focusing on practical skills and tangible actions, TIES workshops highlight key issues and topics
including.
 TIES EXPERT TEAM
Representing a wide range of professional fields from ecolodge design, marketing to fundraising
– and diverse groups of tourism stakeholders, TIES Board of Advisors serves as a leading source
of knowledge and expertise on ecotourism and sustainable tourism.
RECENT WORKSHOPS
 DESTINATION WORKSHOP: MAKING SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
MARKETABLE
Done by Representatives of DMOs, CVBs, National Tourism Boards and other destination
organization on September 2011 & 2012
on the topic Marketing Strength Inventory;
Sustainability as a Marketing Edge; From Product Development to Consumer Experience; How
to Make Your Story Stand Out
 AUTHENTIC ECOLODGE PLANNING, DESIGN AND OPERATIONS
Done by Lodge and resort developers, owners and managers, tourism operators, architects,
landscape architects and engineers, students, professors, and other stakeholders on September
2011 & 2012 on the topics Physical feasibility and market potential for ecolodge; Discuss
research results (and trends) in this industry; Accurately projecting costs and potential revenue;
Select a site, plan and design an ecolodge; Ecolodge guidelines and certification standards;
Incorporate renewable energy and efficient management systems into your design and
construction.
TIES LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD
The Award recognizes the distinguished achievements of those who have demonstrated a
lifetime commitment to promoting ecotourism and responsible travel. TIES will present the
67
award recipient with a lifelong membership, as a valued member of TIES global network and a
worldwide leader in the field of ecotourism.
ECOTOURISM SOCIETY OF INDIA
Ecotourism Society of India (ESOI) has been formed by a group of eminent professionals from
the tourism industry as well as Environmentalists under the advice of Ministry of Tourism in
2008 as a non-profit organisation to promote environmentally responsible and sustainable
practices in the tourism industry across the country. The Society has been registered under the
Societies Act XXI, 1860, under Regn.No.S/61047/2008. All founding members and office
bearers contribute their time and efforts with passion, without any financial reward from the
Society. ESOI works closely with Central and State Government bodies responsible for
Sustainable Tourism, as well as network with like-minded regional / State players across the
country to facilitate and support synergy of policies, initiatives and activities at the national and
State level. The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India has officially declared ESOI as their
partner in helping them develop policy guidelines, code of conduct and ethical practices for
Sustainable Tourism, to position India as a Global eco-tourism destination.
SUSTAINABILITY PRACTICES
The Society had initiated efforts to spread awareness and educate tourism service providers as
well as local govt. officials on the urgent need to ensure perpetually sustainable tourism
practices. Towards this objective, the Society launched its series of workshops on Environmental
Law and Tourism in September 2008 in Delhi.
The Society has conducted over 11 two-day workshops across various States in India in the past
3 years, in partnership with respective State Governments, with the theme ' Practicing
Responsible Tourism', 'Man-Animal Conflict', etc.ESOI is also part of the Core Committee set
by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, to establish guidelines on 'Sustainable
Tourism Criteria for India (STCI)' along with other stakeholders.
CONCLUSION
Ecotourism is defined as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and
improves the well-being of local people." the study helped to get an overview about the
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international ecotourism society its formation, functions, workshops, and their role in promoting
ecotourism. As the world's oldest and largest international ecotourism association, TIES seeks to
be the global source of knowledge and advocacy uniting communities, conservation, and
sustainable. It has a very big role in promoting ecotourism all over the world as well as in India.
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Paper Presentation-10
ECOTOURISM IN PALAKKAD DISTRICT
RAJANI.P
Assistant P
Department of Commerce & Management studies
M.P.M.M.S.N.TRUSTS College, Shoranur
&
BABU T.P
Assistant Professor
Department of Commerce & Management studies
M.P.M.M.S.N.TRUSTS College, Shoranur
Introduction
Ecotourism has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors of the tourism market.
Ecotourism is estimated to be growing at an annual growth rate between 10% and 15%.
Ecotourism is a new concept in Tourism industry. It denotes a purposeful travel to natural areas
to understand the cultural and natural beauty and history of environment, taking care not to alter
the integrity of the ecosystem, while producing economic opportunities that make conservation
of natural resources beneficial to the local people. It can be defined as a nature based tourism that
involves education and interpretation of natural environment and is managed to be ecologically
sustainable.
Objectives of the study
1. To study the ecotourism destinations in Palakkad District.
2. To study the trend of tourist arrival in Palakkad District.
Methodology
This study was mainly based on secondary data. Secondary data were collected from Department
of tourism Government of Kerala, journals and from websites.
Ecotourism in Palakkad District
70
Palakkad is often known as the granary of Kerala because of its vast tracts of paddy fields. The
district offers diverse tourist attractions which include wild life sanctuaries like silent valley
park, Attapady hills and Parambikulam, beautiful dams like malampuzha, pothundi, siruvani and
mangalam. The important tourist destinations in Palakkad District are:-
Malampuzha dam and gardens
Malampuzha is a tiny hill station situated at the foot of the Western Ghats, in Palakkad district of
Kerala. The place is located 10 km from the town of Palakkad.Malampuzha Garden is one of the
biggest tourist attractions of Kerala, bringing in lakhs of tourists from the state and other states
every year. Malampuzha Garden is known as the Vrindhavan of Kerala. There are lush green
lawns innumerable flower beds glittering pools, fountains and avenues. The water reservoir in
the middle of lush green gardens is ideal for boating and fishing.Another item of interest in the
park is the imposing concrete sculpture of YAKSHI, done by renowned Kanai Kunhiraman.
There is a road train for amusement ride on the wheels and TELESCOPIC TOWER providing a
terrestrial view upto 40 miles. The first ROCK GARDEN of south India, sculpted by world
renowned Padmashree Nek chand of Chandigarh is also at Malampuzha.There is an aquarium,
snake park, toy train, Japanese garden, ropeway, thread garden and amusement park located
inside the main garden.
Silent valley national park
The silent valley national park with an area of 90 sq.kms is situated in the north eastern corner of
the district. The river Kundhi descends from the Nilgiri hills above an altitude of 2000meters
traverses the entire length of the valleys and rushes down to the plains through a deep gorge. The
silent valley national park is one of the most magnificent gift of nature to mankind, a unique
preserve of tropical rainforest in all its pristine primarily because of its remoteness and
inaccessibility. This paradise with undulating mountains and lush greenery is also an ideal place
to spot some of the rare and endangered animals and birds. The region is home to the rare Lion
Tailed Macaque, NilgiriLangur, Tigers, Leopards, Indian Bison, Elephants, Bears, Squirrels and
a wide variety of deer
Parambikulam wildlife sanctuary
71
Parambikulam in Western Ghats is about 125 kms away from Palakkad (via) Pollachi. This
sanctuary nestled in the tropical wilderness and spread over 285sq.km area is a heaven for many
species of wild animals,reptiles and birds. The prime attraction here is the 360 year old teak tree
‘kannimaram’ – the oldest and largest teak tree in the world. The park is home to Indian bison,
crocodiles, tigers ,leopards,slothbears,snakes,deer and birds.Parambikulam sanctuary is one of
the keralas premier wildlife reserves.
Nelliampathy
The hill station of Nelliyampathy is considered the ‘Gateway to Kerala’. It is one of the most
popular travel destinations in Kerala. Nelliyampathy hills and mountains are an undivided
element of the Sahyadri ranges in the Western Ghats.
Nelliyampathy
is
covered
with
valleys and green forests. The mountain range has many tea, coffee and cardamom plantations.
At the foothills of Nelliampathi hills is the pothundi dam, a small irrigation dam which provides
water for the rice fields in the surrounding area. The view point at Seethagundu at Nelliampathi
offers an incredible bird’s eye view of the valley below.Kesavan Para cliff is another vantage
point from one can view the valley and pothundidam.TheNelliampathy hills are known for their
exquisite fauna and flora. Primates include Lion tailed Macaque, Bonnet Macaque and
NilgiriLangur.Many species of birds including Great pied Hornbill and butter flies have been
recoredsed in these hills. The Nelliampathy hills come under Nelliampathy hills come under
Nelliampathy forest range of Nenmara division.
Anangamala
Anangamala is situated at Kizhur village near otttapalam in Palakkad district. The hillock has an
extent of 2500 acre and is under the Forest Department. One can trek to the hill top, which offers
a panoramic view of Palakkad’s rural landscape. Its scenic beauty has made it a regular location
for commercial film shooting. The area is 45 km away from Palakkad and 15 Km away from
Ottapalam. It comes under Ottapalam Forest Range under Palakkad Forest division.
Conclusion
Ecotourism has vast potential in Palakkad District. Considering the advantages of tourism as a
generator of employment both skilled and unskilled, foreign exchange earnings and economic
development with limited capital investment , its importance for the district of Palakkad District
of Kerala state cannot be neglected.
Paper Presentation-11
72
ROLE OF SELF HELP GROUPS IN PROMOTING ECO-TOURISM IN KERALA
Unnikrishnan.KK,
Asst. Professor, Safa College Pookkattiri, Malappuram
Introduction
The Kerala, ‘God’s own country’-innumerable wards are there to describe about Kerala.
One of the remarkable areas which kept her totally different from other states in India is the
natural beauty. This natural beauty is her centre of attraction to the foreigners.
We have large number of tourists from different countries. So the tourism sector plays an
important role for the growth and development of Kerala. We need to protect and promote the
tourism sector to the best. Now tourists and tourism sector suffering large number of problems
and challenges. If we can find remedies to the problems in this sector, no doubt the tourism
sector will be one of the milestones in the history of the growth of Kerala.
ECO-TOURISM
Eco-tourism is a new concept in tourism. It is a purposeful travel to natural area to
understand the cultural and natural history of environment, taking care management to alter the
integrity of ecosystem, while producing economic opportunities that make conservation of
natural resources beneficial to the local people.
The term ecotourism was coined in1983 by “Hector Ceball Os-Lascurian” a Mexican
environmentalist, and was initially used to describe nature based travel to relatively undistributed
areas with an emphasis on education. The concept has, however, developed in to a scientific
approach to the planning, management and development of sustainable tourism products and
activities.
In short, eco-tourism can be conceptualised as
Any tourism programme that is
Nature based
Local people are benefited
Ecologically sustainableEducation and interproduction is a major component
73
If it does not satisfy any one of these components then it cannot be called a real ecotourism
programme
Kerala, of all the states in India offer the maximum potential for the promotion of ecotourism. Miles and miles of endless serene beaches, tranquil stretches of emerald backwards,
magical festivals and cultural monuments are all unique to Kerala and has given it the sobriquet
of ‘God’s own country’. The national geographical traveler has labeled Kerala as one of the 10
paradises in the world. Kerala is thus ideally suited for the promotion of eco-tourism and has
already initiated several steps in this direction.
In Kerala 56 places have been identified for development as eco-tourism destination
giving emphasis to conservatism, ecological sustainability, environmental education and local
community benefits. Keeping this objective in mind the Kerala tourism has set up a separate ecotourism wing to give policy support for the development of the eco-tourism destination in the
state.
The potential ecotourism spots identified in the forests of Kerala
*Thiruvananthapuram- Neyyar, Peppara, Ponmudi, Arippa
*Kollam- Thenmala, Kolathupuzha, Acha coil
*Pathanamthitta- Konni, Pamba, Kochupamba
*Alapuzha- Gandhismithivanam
*Kottayam- Kumarakam
*Iduki- Munnar,Rajamala,Chinnar
*Ernakulam- Thattekad Birds Sanctuary, Mangalavanam
*Trissur- Athirapilly,Peechi
*Palakkad- malampuzha,valayar,Parambikulam, Nelliyambathi
*Malappuram- Nilambur, Nedumkayam
*Kozhikkode- Kakkayam, Chaliyam
*Waynad- Thilpetty, Muthanga, Thirunlli
*Kannur- Pythamala,Kottiyoor
*Kasargode- Ranipuram
PROBLEMS OF ECO-TOURISM
74
1- Water pollution problem- Rivers and boating in the rivers are one of the centres of
attraction of foreigners to Kerala. They like to stay in the house boats and like fishing. Today our
rivers are carrying polluted water. It becomes a treat to the living beings in the rivers and it
negatively affects the tourism.
2- Problems related to solid wastes- People living in the rural area and near to tourism
places are throwing the solid wastes such as plastics etc..to the nature. It negatively affects the
growth of plants and trees.
3- Problems related to mining- Some of the people are engaging in the mining activities
such as quarries …. So it become a cause to the lost of hill areas.
4 Problems related to Deforestation- People may engage in the deforestation to construct
building .It also become a treat to the beauty of our nature.
SELF HELP GROUPS
Kudumbashree is a multi faceted women based participatory poverty eradication
programme jointly initiated by the Government of Kerala and NABARD. It is implemented by
Community Based Organisations (CBOs) of poor women in co operation with Local Self
Government Institution. The mission of kudumbashree is “ to eradicate absolute poverty in ten
years through concerned community action under the leadership of Local Government, by
facilitating organisations of poor for combining self help with demand led convergence of
available services and resources to tackle the multiple dimensions and manifestations of poverty
holistically.
ROLE OF SELF HELP GROUPS
1-Clean Kerala Programmes/ units- SHGs can arrange various programmes and can start units to
collect and dispose solid wastes. So to some extend the solid waste problems can be removed.
2 – Home stay package- SHGs can arrange and provide home stay facility to the tourists in cheap
rate.
3 – Kerala Café- SHGs can start their own units to serve Kerala Homely Food to the tourists in
cheap rate.
4 –Village Life Experience Package- SHGs can arrange various package/ trips to tourists in
cheap rate to travel to rural area and thereby they can experience the rural life.
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6 – SHGs can start ‘she taxi’ / rent a car service.
7 – SHGs can create tourist guide team with cheap rate and without cheating.
8- SHGs can arrange various seminars on the problems of deforestation.
9- Introduce Zero Violence Campaign- Today many of the tourists are facing mental and
physical violence by our domestic people. To avoid this and to create a positive attitude to
tourists the SHGs can arrange various campaign or seminar to the domestic.
CONCLUSION
We can say that self help groups can play a vital role to wipe out the problems of ecotourism to some extent. However the protection & promotion of eco-tourism is not only vested in
a particular group in the society but also it is the responsibility of each & every one of Kerala. If
the Keralites have the positive attitude towards the tourism sector no doubt the sector will be the
most economical area of our national development.
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Paper Presentation-12
ECOTOURISM IN KERALA: A BOON OR CURSE
SHABEERALI. M.P
K.M College of teacher education
Abstract
Ecotourism is the fastest growing segment of the tourism industry, with an annual growth rate
between 10% and 30%. The International Ecotourism Society reports that Ecotourism currently
comprises about 20% of the world travel market. Travelers in ecotourism markets seek a wide
range of activities, both land and water based. Hiking/trekking, wildlife viewing, and visiting
parks and protected areas are the most popular activities. Ecotourism practices ultimately lead to
sustainability of the environment. It is the future of modern day tourism. As tourism is emerging
only, it can be monitored to attain its natural growth by having various discussions with the
people all over the world. Ecotourism provides a large opportunity of growth in Kerala and it
will lead to the economic development of the Nation. Natural environment and its surrounding
are the main attraction in Kerala which God gives to this place, that’s why Kerala known as
Gods own country. If we are utilizing the resources in Kerala in a proper manner it will help to
the overall development of the state and the surrounding of it. Like it will help to lead growth
and employment opportunities, inflow of foreign money, increase the standard of living of the
society etc...This paper contain a study about the ecotourism in Kerala and “A Boon or Curse”
INTRODUCTION
Ecotourism in Kerala
The state of Kerala, forming part of the Western Ghats, contains protected area of 2,324
sq.km in two National Parks and 12 Wildlife Sanctuaries. The Western Ghats of Kerala, with its
tropical forest ecosystem, provides a natural advantage for development of Ecotourism. The
Western Ghats regions of Kerala can be projected as an Ecotourism Zone in the true sense. It has
now become necessary to evolve appropriate location specific strategies for sanctuaries in
Kerala, in the sphere of ecotourism development. Proper ecotourism product development, it’s
marketing, environmental impact assessment, monitoring etc. are to be done in a systematic way.
The Tourism Department of Government of Kerala has taken steps to give focused attention to
ecotourism in the State. A separate ecotourism wing has been created to give policy support for
the development of the ecotourism destinations in the State. Thenmala ecotourism project was
established in and around Shenduruney Wildlife Sanctuary with the co-operation of departments
such as Forest, Irrigation and Tourism. It is considered to be the first planned ecotourism
destination in India. Thekkady is another ecotourism destination, which offers the visitor an
unforgettable experience. Except Thekkady, all other sanctuaries in Kerala are practically
unknown to tourists. What is needed is a more focused strategy which is supply-driven and small
group - oriented. Ecotourism activities, in an ecologically sensitive area need close monitoring.
77
Tourism in these natural areas should be ecologically sustainable. There should be provision for
the visitor to be educated about the environment. The economic benefit of such an activity
should accrue to the local population to ensure sustainability. Ecotourism projects the concept of
sustainability in tourism, that is, the needs of today's visitor should not be met at the expense of
future generations.
Benefits of ecotourism
 Environmental
One of the main goals of ecotourism is its benefit to the environment. At many
destinations, park fees are directed towards conservation and park preservation efforts. The
economic benefits of ecotourism provide strong anti-poaching incentive for local communities,
which increase wildlife diversity. Ecotourism also provides environmental education, awareness
and funding for conservation efforts. Some researchers found out that educational information
provided through ecotourism increased knowledge of the protected area, changed behavior
patterns of tourists and increased philanthropic support of conservation.
 Local Communities
Ecotourism provides visitors with exposure to local culture and lifestyles. Ecotourism
dollars also provide economic benefits for local people in the form of park fees that go to build
schools and infrastructure, additional jobs within the community and the sale of local crafts and
products.
 Employment opportunities
Ecotourism provides large number of employment opportunities in the country. It will
help to the growth of the nation and reduce the unemployment level also. The people surrounded
to the tourist places can easily get the job, if they have the skill to prove whatever they can.
Increasing the employment level help to reduce the poverty and create a good income level it
will lead to better standard of living of the people.
 Tourism development
Ecotourism provides a wide range of tourism developmental opportunities in the
domestic territory. It brings various changes in the tourism sector and they can attract the
foreigners through various developments to attract them and create a good tourism atmosphere.
Presently most of the foreigners are selecting Kerala as their tourist place because of the nature
and environment and the climate of our place, so we have to utilize our opportunities what we
have and gain maximum benefit.
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 Inflow of money
Ecotourism help to make a huge inflow of foreign money from various nations. Presently
most of the countries are earning or targeting a good inflow of money from the tourist sector, if
in kerala we are making a good ecotourism development, it will help to make good inflow of
foreign capital and FDI from various countries. It will help to make our reserve balance as
stronger one and create a good value to our currency.
Disadvantages
 Environmental
One of the greatest environmental impacts of ecotourism is the carbon footprint created
by flights to far-away places. Ecotourist destinations tend to be remote, and although travelers
can buy carbon offsets for plane travel, there is still an impact on the environment. Another
potential environmental impact is the paradox of ecotourism: The more successful an ecotourism
destination becomes, the more difficult it is to avoid having an environmental and/or cultural
impact. Tourism and environmentalism are, in some respects, at odds with each other. The more
people visit a natural location, the greater the possibility for degradation of local ecosystems and
a decrease in biodiversity. Ecotourism in Kenya led to land-use change when pastoral lands were
divided up and converted to farming. This change led to decreases in wildlife populations, with
wildebeest populations decreasing by 80% and the overall game population in and around the
reserve declining by 60%. Tourism to the area has also changed the way people interact with the
wildlife, with vehicles often crowding and harassing the animals. There is also a tendency of
ecotourism destinations to focus on “flagship” species, such as dolphins and whales and large
carnivores, rather than the entire ecosystem.
 Economic
As developing countries become more dependent on ecotourism for revenue, it is
important to remember that it is not always a stable source of income. Tourism can be affected
by the global economy, the local political situation and natural disasters. Following the events of
September 11, 2001 and the current economic crisis, tourist bookings have faced substantial
decline. A significant decline in tourism income could have a significant impact on the economy
of a developing country. Also problematic is economic leakage, which occurs when international
or non-local businesses fill the gap community businesses are not able to provide. Economic
leakage not only funnels profits away from the local community; local, rural residents are often
forced to bear the cost of conservation (restricted access to water, pasture lands, increase in
population, etc), while the benefits often go to others outside this group. Even when ecotourism
is run by local communities, rather than international tour operators, the financial benefits are
often limited to the elite or those in high government positions. In Kenya, which began one of
the first community-run ecotourism programs including local community participation and
revenue-sharing of park fees, the results were mixed. A study conducted in Nepal, concluded that
only 6% of families living near the national park received income from ecotourism. Finally, the
79
influx of tourists to a location can result in increased prices for local goods; a phenomenon that
can seriously impact the ability of residents to buy and use the goods themselves.
 Cultural
As a result of ecotourism, local communities sometimes face crowding from visitors, as
well as other indigenous people who move closer to the area to take advantage of the economic
benefits such tourism has to offer. These communities can also face excessive development in
the form of hotels, restaurants and stores. Sometimes, poorly planned project and infrastructure
are put into place quickly to meet tourism needs. Additionally, cultural change resulting from
increased contact with the outside world is of concern.
CONCLUSION
As the future of tourism depends on sustainability ecotourism has all the prospects
to become very popular among the travelers. Mass tourism and tourism in general
damages the Mother Nature in many ways. More travelers in future will opt for
ecotourism. The success of the Eco development concern for achieving a balance
between conservation of the sanctuary and livelihood of people living in and around it.
The involvement of local communities in Ecotourism activities is a step in the right
direction. It provides for alternative sources of income to local communities, which live
in and around protected areas, thus decreasing their dependence on forest resources and
increasing their commitment to keeping the forests intact. For the vast protected area
network in India, the lessons from the various researchers experience is important, as it
legitimately shows the need for communities and conservation to go hand in hand. The
importance of eco friendly environment is very crucial in this modern life and it is a boon
to the earth as well as Nation.
REFERENCES

Butler, Richard. 1980. The Concept of a Tourist Area Cycle of Evolution: Implications for
Management of Resources. CanadianGeographer24: 5-12.

Driver, B.L., Perry J. Brown, George H. Stankey and Timothy G. Gregoire. 1987. The ROS
Planning System: Evolution, Basic Concepts and Research Needs. Leisure Sciences 9: 201212.

Kreutzwiser, Reid. 1993. Desirable Attributes of Sustainability Indicators for Tourism
Development. In Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing.
Department of Geography Publications Series No. 37, J.G. Nelson, R. Butler and G. Wall
(eds).Waterloo: University of Waterloo, pp. 243
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Paper Presentation-13
Tourism in Thenmala
Noora Mohamed kutty
Assistant professor
Nusarath Mohamed kutty
&
Lecturer in commerce
PSMO College, Tirurangadi, Kerala
Priyadharshini arts and Science College
Munduparamba , Malappuram
Abstract
Ecotourism is a new concept in tourism. It is a purposeful travel to natural areas to understand
the cultural and natural history of environment, taking care not to alter the integrity of the
ecosystem, while producing economic opportunities that make conservation of natural resources
beneficial to local people. Thenmala is the first planned eco tourism spot in India. This study
tries to find out the attitudes of tourists towards Thenmala. The study also aims at finding the
major sources of attraction in Thenmala.
Introduction
Ecotourism can be conceptualized as "Any tourism programme that is nature based, ecologically
sustainable, where education and interpretation is a major component and where local people are
benefited. If it does not satisfy any one of these components then it cannot be called a real
ecotourism venture.
Tourism Department, Government of Kerala, India has taken steps to give focused attention to
ecotourism in the State. A separate ecotourism wing has been created to give policy support for
the development of the ecotourism destinations in the State. Accordingly a project for the first
planned ecotourism destination (Thenmala Ecotourism Project) has been formulated in and
around Shenduruney Wildlife Sanctuary with the co-operation of departments such as Forest,
Irrigation and Tourism. In order to give flexibility in management for the development of this
destination, a separate Society, the Thenmala Ecotourism Promotion Society (TEPS) has been
constituted.
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Objective of the study

To study the major attractions of Thenmala and also analyze the attitude of tourist towards it.
Methodology
The study is descriptive in nature. Both primary and secondary data have been used. Primary
data was collected using a questionnaire from 50 tourists who have visited Thenmala. The
secondary data was collected from various books, websites, brochures, newspapers etc.
Thenmala
It is India's first planned eco-tourism destination, which is gaining popularity due to its unique
vistas, bio-diversity and functioning. Situated about 72kms from Thiruvananthapuram, in the
District of Kollam, the Thenmala Eco-Tourism shares its resources with the famous
Shenduruney Wildlife Sanctuary at the foothills of the Western Ghats.
Managed by Thenmala Eco-Tourism Promotional Society, which is an undertaking of the
Government of Kerala, Thenmala Eco-tourism is a unique destination from a visitor's point of
view. It has equal opportunities for fun, adventure, leisure and for learning the significance and
necessity of eco-friendly measures for promoting tourism related activities.
At Thenmala Eco-Tourism, a visitor is taken care of by its well-trained staff providing guidance
and information about the various attractions and facilities, enabling one to move about, explore
and experience every bit of this remarkable destination. There are well-placed signboards,
direction pointers, and information boards to facilitate one's movement inside the project area.
Divided into different zones with a particular theme, the project area currently has three major
zones viz. Culture Zone, Leisure Zone and Adventure Zone.
Culture Zone

Amphitheatre - For local art forms and other cultural performances.

Shop Court - Managed by local women self-help groups for selling local forest products,
souvenirs, local handicrafts etc.
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
Musical Dancing Fountain - A rhythmic ballet of water, sound and light in a natural
ambience.
Adventure Zone

Nature Trail - Winding trail through various elevations in the zone.

Canopy Walkway - Elevated path through a canopy of trees that helps explore the
ecosystem and the level changes of the area.

Lotus Pond - A water body that exhibits various forms of aquatic plants.

Mountain Biking - A 2 m wide, 1000 m long bike path facilitates mountain biking with
various levels of difficulty.

Recreational Rock Climbing & Rappelling - Rocks of different heights and sizes are
equipped with pegs and ropes to facilitate rock climbing and rappelling.

River Crossing - Ropes are tied at a height across the river for adventurous river crossing
activities.

Hill Thrills - Valley crossing, spider net, shot range, trust fall, pedal boating etc.
Leisure Zone

Pathways - Winding trails leading tourists to various sites.

Boardwalk - 250 m riverfront built of wooden planks that give the visitor a close view of
the stream below.

Sway Bridge - An unsupported bridge, made of wooden planks and hung from ropes
across the river.

Sculpture Garden - Based on the theme 'Man and Nature', this garden depicts the
relationship between the two in the serene backdrop of the forest.

Resting Points - Quiet spots in the wilderness to take a break.

Deep Woods - Soft trekking and biking programme to explore the two patches of Niptica
swamp forest (2 to 4 hrs).

Boating at the Shenduruney Wildlife Sanctuary: Battery-operated vehicles to the boat
landing from where begins an exciting boat cruise. Watch wildlife at close quarters and
be prepared for surprises.
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Besides the zone-based activities for a visitor, Thenmala Eco-Tourism also offer other
attractions, like an invigorating boat ride in the Shenduruney Wildlife Sanctuary; a visit to the
Deer Rehabilitation Centre, where one can have a look at a group of spotted deer, the sambar
deer and the barking deer, which have been given protection after straying out from the forests.
The project area also has tree top huts and children's eco-park, riverside treks, and battery
powered vehicle rides through the forest, enabling one to sight wildlife from a close distance.For
a visitor to Thenmala Eco-Tourism, some of the nearby attractions are also worth exploring. One
may visit the picturesque Palaruvi waterfalls, about 16 km away, on the way to Shenkottah.
Thenmala Eco-Tourism is open round the year and there are conducted tours organized by the
Kerala Tourism Development Corporation from the Capital City of Thiruvananthapuram and
also by the District Tourism Promotion Council of Kollam District.
Factors considered by tourists to choose Thenmala as their tour destination
Tourists may be attracted to a particular tourist spot by a variety of factors. Natural beauty used
to be the major reason for eco touristic spots. Other factors include climate, distance from
polluted cities, hospitality etc. In the case of Thenmala, natural beauty is the most preferred
reason for choosing it as a tourist destination. The second most preferred factor is its distance
from the polluted cities. The least important reason is the infrastructural facilities available there.
Attractions of Thenmala
Various attractive zones in Thenmala includes culture zone, leisure zone and adventure zone. As
per the study, among the different zonal attractions in Thenmala, the most attractive feature is the
elevated walkway followed by the sway bridge. River crossing, musical dancing fountain and
sculpture garden are the next preferred choices.
ConclusionThenmala is obviously a centre of attraction in Kerala. Natural habitat of diverse
flora and fauna makes it endowed with natural beauty. The rugged terrain of the land harbouring
a fragile ecosystem packs plenty of adventure activities. Nature trails dotted with delightful
waterfalls and enchanting picnic spots attract naturalists, conservationists and adventure seekers.
The various zones accommodates various activities, which favours Ecofriendly General Tourism.
Restaurant, Shop court, Amphitheatre etc help the tourists understand the Kerala cusines, Kerala
crafts and natural wealth and Kerala's Art, Culture etc.
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Paper Presentation-14
YOGA AS A PRODUCT TO PROMOTE ECO TOURISM
RAJAN MALAYIL
M. Com, M. Phil M. SC (yoga)
Associate professor
Introduction
Yoga, the science of self realization is very much helpful in reducing present day problems in
life. It helps in maintaining peace and harmony in the society. Many of the present day problems
among people are due to lack of realization. The practice of yoga and meditation helps one to
realize his real true self. It encourages assuming responsibility for their actions. He/ She never
blame others for his deeds.
Tourism is an emerging industry in India, especially in Kerala, the Gods Own
Country. Foreign tourists see India as a land of spirituality and wisdom. The true spirituality is
Self realization .Yoga is the science of self realization Every problem in the society emanate
from human mind. If one can keep the mind pure and perfect, only good thoughts originate from
it. Actually mind is a bundle of thoughts. When the thoughts are good , deeds also become good.
Yoga help one to realize the real self. It creates good thoughts and which leads to good actions.
The present day tourism can be groped in to different categories like Commercial tourism,
Green tourism, Eco Tourism and Health Tourism. Eco Tourism projects are those which do not
hamper the ecological balance .Article 48 A of Indian Constitution says that “the states shall
Endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of
the country. Furthermore Article 51 A of fundamental Duties states that “it shall be the duty of
every citizen of India to Endeavour to protect and improve the natural environment including
forests, rivers, wild life and to have compassion for living creatures.
Taking clues from the above quotes we can say that developmental activities shall not harm
the ecology and environment. Business and Industry should have some concern to Ecology.
Ecology is concerned with the relationship of living things and their environment. Environmental
pollution causes threat to ecological balance. Developing Resorts in the name of tourism will
surely create imbalance in the ecology. Tourists coming to Kerala wants to know the real taste
of Kerala and to live in the environment of Kerala. Constructing Concrete Buildings and
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providing international cousins are against this true spirit. We must provide them our own
traditional tastes and dwellings.
As far as foreign tourists are concerned, thaey wants to learn our traditional sciences like
Yoga, Ayurveda and kalari. Since they have short span of time to be spent here, we must frame a
package to suit their time availability. Here we can include Yoga as a good product to cater to
their needs. Westerners see Yoga in its Curative or therapeutic aspect. But it is rather a holistic
science covering physical, psychological and spiritual aspects of life. This idea must be
inculcated in the minds of the learners. Yoga has nothing to do with Religion or caste. It helps us
to know the self .It is a science of self Realization.
How yoga and meditation help to develop Good Thoughts?
Yoga means union of mind and body. According to Patanajali, the great
saint, YOGA CHITH VRUTHI NIRODAH- means controlling the modifications of mind is
yoga. In Ashtanga yoga, Patanjali prescribes eight steps. They are YAMA, NIYAMA, ASANA,
PRANAYAMA, PRATYAHARA, DHARANA, DHYANA A and SAMADHI.
The ultimate aim is SAMADHI –which means stabilized knowledge or realization. To realize
one’s true self he/she has to attain the power of dhyana. DHYANA means continuous attention
without distraction. This can be possible only one attained the stage of DHARANA which means
concentration. We lose our concentration through our five sense organs. Controlling the sense
organs is called Pratyahara or detachment. To reach this stage one has to Practice
PRANAYAMA which is nothing but controlling and knowing the tune of Breath. It is otherwise
called extended breath. If one can practice pranayama and know the breath, he can reach a stage
of realization. To practice Pranayama , thebody is to be tuned. This body tuning technique is
called YOGASANA. Asana simply means Easy comfortable posture. For attaining all these one
has to follow certain values in life. They are called YAMA and NIYAMA. Yama means ‘Be
GOOD’ and Niyama means ‘Do Good’
Yoga as an Eco tourism product
Eco tourism means tourism without hampering the ecological balance .If we construct resorts
to attract tourists ,that will adversely affect the ecological balance. The constitution of India
clearly envisaged that no activity shall disturb the nature and its balance. The foreign tourists are
coming to India to know the real India .Therefore we should provide them with our real culture
and facilities. Yoga being a part of our traditional culture can be promoted as a product.
Yoga is a systematic process for accelerating the growth of human being from his animals
level to human level then to superhuman level and ultimately to divine level. It brings about an all
round personality development Physical, mental, intellectual, emotional and spiritual aspects of man.
It also brings about an attitudinal change in the human being. It is a tool for better living.
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It is an ancient system of breathing practices, Physical exercises and postures and
meditation intended to integrate the practioner’s body, mind and spirit. It originated in India several
thousand years ago and its principles were first written by a great saint Patanjali. The word YOGA
comes from a Sanskrit word YUJ which means union.
de service to others, pursuit of wisdom, nonviolence, devotion to god and observance of spiritual
rituals. Hatha Yoga is the path which has physical health and balance as a primary goal, for its
practioners believe that greater mental and spiritual awareness can be brought about with a healthy and
pure body.
Raja Yoga, the king of yoga is the path for salvation. Patanjali Yoga sutra, Epic of the
Great Saint Patanjali beautifully explains the path of salvation, the Raja yoga.
In the present world more of the people especially the westerners are resorting to Yoga to find cure
for chronic health problems and to attain peace of mind. Although many of us are well aware of the
health benefits of yoga, not every one knows about the origin and exact definition of it. It is a popular
belief that yoga merely includes physical exercises.
TYPES OF YOGA
There are six major branches of yoga; Hatha yoga, Raja yoga, Karma yoga, jnana yoga,
Bhakthi Yoga and Thantra Yoga. Hatha yoga mainly concentrate on physical exercises. Hatha
yoga Prateepika of Swatmarama Maharishi is the text which contains the methods of Hathayoga.
Rajayoga is a spiritual path of self realization and simplicity. Karma yoga emphasizes selfless
work as a service to others. Bhaktiyoga is the path of cultivating an open heart and single minded
love of God. Jnana yoga is the sage or philosophers approach; it cultivates wisdom and
discernment, and is considered the most difficult type of yoga. Tantra yoga emphasizes
transcending the self through religious rituals.
Of the six types, this study aims at analyzing the effect of Raja yoga on the
behavior of college students. Raja yoga also called is based on eight limbs. It is called asthanga
yoga. Raja yoga the king of yoga as the name signifies is based on the eight principles. They areYama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Prathyahara, Dharana, Dhyanam, Samadhi.
YAMA (BE GOOD)
Yama means self discipline or self restraint. There are many interpretations and opinions
about Yama.The yamas described in Patanjali’s Yoga sutra are five. They are the guidelines for
how we interact with the outer world, the social disciplines to guide us in our relationship with
others. The five Yamas are
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1. AHIMSA (NON-VIOLENCE)
According to Yajnavalkya Samhitha, Ahimsa or non-violence is the awareness and practice of
non-violence in thought, speech and action. It advocates the practice of compassion, love,
understanding, patience, self love, and worthiness.
2. SATHYA (TRUTHFULNESS)
Saint Patanjali describes truthfulness as to be in harmony with mind word and action to
conduct speech and mind according to truth, to express through speech and to retain it in the
intellect what has been seen, understood and heard. A perfectly truthful person is is who
expresses in his speech exactly what he thinks in his mind and at the end acts according to it.
3. ASTHEYA (NON-STEALING)
Non –stealing or Astheya is the third constituent of the yamas of asthanga yoga. It upholds
forgoing the unauthorized possession of thought, speech and action Astheya stands against
covetousness and envy. It advocates the cultivation of a completeness and self sufficiency in
order to progress beyond base cravings.
The second niyama is the contentment. which is described as not desiring more than
what one has earned by his honest labour. This state of mind is about maintaining equanimity
through all that life offers. Santhosha involves the practice of gratitude and joyfulness. This state
of mind does not depend on any external causes.
Ishwar pranidhan is the dedication of all our actions performed either by intellect speech
or body to the divine. The results of all such actions are by definition therefore dependent upon
divine decision. The mortal mind can simply aspire to realize the divine through dedication ,
purification ‘tranquilisation and concentration of the mind.
BENEFITS OF YOGASANAS
The regular practice of yogasanas has an immense amount of therapeutic value. Besides various
physiological benefits they positively affect our mind, our life force energies as well as our
creative intelligence.
PRANAYAMA
Pranayama is a compound term –Prana (vital energy) and ayama (extending- Meaning the
maintainance of prana in healthy throughout ones life. More than a breath control exercise,
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pranayama is all about controlling the life force or prana.Ancient yogis who understood the
essence of prana, studied it and devised methods and practices to master it. These practices are
better known as pranayama.Since breath or prana is basic to life, the practice of pranayama helps
in harnessing the prana in and around us, and by deepening and extending it, pranayama leads to
a state of inner peace.
PRATYAHARA
Pratyahara involves rightly managing the senses and going beyond them instead of simply
closing and suppressing them. It involves reining in the senses for increased attention rather than
distraction.Pratyahara may be practiced with mantra meditation and visualization techniques. It
helps in achieving the three meditative stages of Dharana, Dhyanam and Samadhi.
DHARANA
The last three limbs of ashtanga yoga are the three essential stages of meditation. Dharana
involves developing and extending our powers of concentration. This consist of various ways of
directing and controlling our attention and mind fixing skills such as concentrating on the
chakras and turning inwards.
Conclusion
If we understand yoga in its real sense, we can safely introduce yoga as a product in our Eco
tourism package.
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PAPER PRESENTATION-15
ECO-TOURISM- CHALLENGES AND OPPURTUNITIES IN KERALA
Jaseela.P.T
Assistant professor,
Dept.of commerce,
Mes Kvm College, valanchery
&
Prima
Assistant professor,
Dept.of commerce,
Mes Kvm College, valanchery
INTRODUCTION
“Eco-tourism is a sustainable form of natural resource based tourism that focuses primarily on
experiencing and learning about the nature, and which is ethically managed to be low-impact ,
non-consumptive, and locally oriented(control, benefits and scale)It typically occurs in natural
areas , and should contribute to the conservation or preservation of such areas “
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PRINCIPLES OF ECO-TOURISM
Ecotourism is about uniting conservation, communities, and sustainable travel. This means that
those who implement and participate in ecotourism activities should follow the following
ecotourism principles:
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Minimize impact.
Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect.
Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts.
Provide direct financial benefits for conservation.
Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people.
Raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climate.
Eco-tourism is more than a catch phrase for nature loving travel and recreation. Eco-tourism is
consecrated for preserving and sustaining the diversity of the world's natural and cultural
environments.
It accommodates and entertains visitors in a way that is minimally intrusive or destructive to the
environment and sustains & supports the native cultures in the locations it is operating in.
Responsibility of both travellers and service providers is the genuine meaning for eco-tourism.
Eco-tourism also endeavours to encourage and support the diversity of local economies for
which the tourism-related income is important. With support from tourists, local services and
producers can compete with larger, foreign companies and local families can support themselves.
Besides all these, the revenue produced from tourism helps and encourages governments to fund
conservation projects and training programs.
Eco-tourism focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering, personal growth and
learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet. It is typically defined as travel to destinations
where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Responsible Eco-tourism
includes programs that minimize the adverse effects of traditional tourism on the natural
environment, and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to
evaluating environmental and cultural factors, initiatives by hospitality providers to promote
recycling, energy efficiency, water reuse, and the creation of economic opportunities for local
communities
are
an
integral
part
of
Eco-tourism.
Historical, biological and cultural conservation, preservation, sustainable development etc. are
some of the fields closely related to Eco-Tourism. Many professionals have been involved in
formulating and developing eco-tourism policies. They come from the fields of Geographic
Information Systems, Wildlife Management, Wildlife Photography, Marine Biology and
Oceanography, National and State Park Management, Environmental Sciences, Women in
development,
Historians
and
Archaeologists,
etc
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WHAT IS ECO-TOURISM?
Fundamentally, eco-tourism means making as little environmental impact as possible and
helping to sustain the indigenous populace, thereby encouraging the preservation of wildlife and
habitats when visiting a place. This is responsible form of tourism and tourism development,
which encourages going back to natural products in every aspect of life. It is also the key to
sustainable ecological development.
The International Eco-tourism Society defines eco-tourism as "responsible travel to natural areas
that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." This means that
those who implement and participate in Eco-tourism activities should follow the following
principles;
Aware of the Environment - Today the "Green Laws" of conservation are making people aware
of how man and the environment can live symbiotically for more time to come and eco-tourism
is the only way to maximize the economic, environmental and social benefits of tourism.
Everyone is a stakeholder in the process and we clearly need to avoid our past shortcomings and
negative impact that they have had.
In India too the movement is gathering momentum with more and more travel and travel related
organisation's are addressing the needs of the eco-tourists and promoting eco-tourism in the
country. Some basic do's and don'ts of eco-tourism are listed below
Do's
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Carry back all non-degradable litter such as empty bottles, tins, plastic bags etc. These
must not litter the environment or be buried. They must be disposed in municipal
dustbins only.
Observe the sanctity of holy sites, temples and local cultures.
Cut noise pollution. Do not blare aloud radios, tape recorders or other electronic
entertainment equipment in nature resorts, sanctuaries and wildlife parks.
In case temporary toilets are set-up near campsites, after defecation, cover with mud or
sand. Make sure that the spot is at least 30 meters away from the water source.
Respect people's privacy while taking photographs. Ask for prior permission before
taking a photograph.
Don'ts
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Do not take away flora and fauna in the forms of cuttings, seeds or roots. It is illegal,
especially in the Himalayas. The environment is really delicate in this region and the biodiversity of the region has to be protected at all costs.
Do not use pollutants such as detergent, in streams or springs while washing and bathing.
Do not use wood as fuel to cook food at the campsite.
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
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Do not leave cigarettes butts or make open fires in the forests.
Do not consume aerated drinks, alcohol, drugs or any other intoxicant and throw bottles
in the wild.
Do not tempt the locals, especially children by offering them foodstuff or sweets. Respect
local traditions.
Golden Rules When You Travel
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Learn about your destination before you get there. Read guidebooks, travel articles,
histories, and/or novels by local authors and pay particular attention to customs such as
greetings, appropriate dress, eating behaviours, etc. Being sensitive to these customs will
increase local acceptance of you as a tourist and enrich your trip.
Follow established guidelines. Ask your eco-tour operator, guide and/or the local
authorities what their guidelines are for limiting tourism's impact on the environment and
local culture. Staying on trails, packing up your trash, and remaining set distances away
from wildlife are a few ways to minimize your impact in sensitive areas.
Seek out and support locally owned businesses. Support local businesses during your
eco-travels to ensure maximum community and conservation benefit from your spending.
CONCLUSION
Eco-tourism is an important activity for protecting and conserving our nature. We, the
human beings are the beneficiaries as well as the conservators of the natural environment. So in
order to feed the next generation we must save and preserve our natural resources. Proper
awareness programmes and adequate measures are to be taken by the government and each
citizen, for the conservation of natural environment. Tourism sector have a great contribution
to the revenue generation and total income of the country. Eco-tourism have both positive and
negative impacts on the environment and the people .we are the beneficiaries of the nature and it
is our duty to protect and preserve our nature as it is.
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