BIOL 2402, A&P II Laboratory
Minimum required structures and slides for:
Exercise 41: Anatomy of the Upper Digestive System
A. Structures on models:
1. Oral cavity
a. hard palate
b. soft palate
c. uvula
d. tongue
e. lingual frenulum
f. tonsils: palatine and lingual tonsils
2. Dentition model: be able to identify the different types of teeth in the upper & lower jaw:
a. incisors, central and lateral
b. cuspids (canine)
c. premolars (bicuspids), 1st and 2nd
d. molars, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd (wisdom teeth)
3. Tooth histology model:
a. crown (clinical and anatomical)
b. root
c. enamel
d. dentin
e. pulp cavity
f. root canal
g. gingiva
h. cementum
i. periodontal ligament
j. pulp (blood vessels/nerves)
4. Salivary glands (identify on a model of the head) Indicate which salivary glands are
serous, mucous or mixed.
a. parotid gland and duct
b. sublingual gland and duct
c. submandibular gland
5. Pharynx
6. Layers of digestive tract
a. mucosa
(1) stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium
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(2) lamina propria
(3) muscularis mucosa
b. submucosa
(1) submucosal plexus
c. muscularis externa
(1) inner circular layer
(2) myenteric plexus
(3) outer longintudinal layer
d. adventitia (outside peritoneal cavity) or serosa (inside peritoneal cavity)
7. Esophagus
a. muscle types along the esophagus:
b. gastroesophageal (cardio-esophageal) sphincter and junction
8. Stomach
a. cardiac region (cardia)
e. lesser and greater curvatures
b. fundus
g. rugae
c. body
f. three layers of smooth muscle
d. pyloric region
i. inner oblique
i. pyloric antrum
ii. middle circular
ii. pyloric canal
iii. outer longitudinal
iii. pyloric sphincter (valve)
9. Connective tissues within the abdominopelvic cavity
a. greater omentum
b. lesser omentum’
B. Microscope slides and structures to ID on each slide
1. slide #63 (composite salivary gland), #64 (submandibular gland) and 2401’s slide #11
(parotid gland); identify the following:
a. that it is a salivary gland
b. salivary duct
c. secretory cells
2. slide #48 esophagus: stratified squamous epithelium, submucosal mucous glands,
skeletal and/or smooth muscle, adventitia
3. slide #49 gastroesophageal junction: epithelial tissue type abruptly changes
4. slide #50 stomach
a. smooth muscle layers
b. gastric pits and gastric glands cells
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i. surface mucous (mucous neck) cells
ii. parietal cells that secrete HCl (red-staining)
iii. chief cells that produce pepsinogen (blue-staining)
Anatomy of the Lower Digestive System & Accessory Organs
A. Structures on models:
1. liver model:
a. right, left, caudate, and quadrate lobes
b. porta hepatis containing hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery & hepatic ducts
c. hepatic vein
d. falciform and round ligaments
e. hepatic ducts (right and left, and common)
f. gallbladder
g. cystic duct
h. common bile duct
i. hepatopancreatic sphincter
j. duodenal papilla
2. liver model (microscopic structures—on model I9)
a. central vein
a. lobule
b. Kupffer cell (liver macrophages)
c. hepatocyte
d. bile canaliculi
e. sinuosoid
f. portal triad: bile duct, portal artery & portal vein
3. pancreas model:
a. pancreatic duct
b. common bile duct
c. duodenal papilla
4. small intestines sections
a. duodenum
b. jejunum
c. ileum with ileocecal sphincter (valve) and junction
5. large intestine
a. teniae coli and haustra
b. cecum
i. vermiform appendix
c. ascending colon
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d. transverse colon
e. descending colon
f. sigmoid colon
g. rectum
i. anal canal
ii. anal orifice (anus)
iii. internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle)
iv. external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)
6. Model of the small intestine
a. villi
b. microvilli
c. mucous (goblet) cells
d. intestinal crypt
e. lacteal
f. blood capillaries
g. submucosal glands
h. lymphoid nodule
i. plicae circulares
j. Brunner’s glands
k. Peyer’s patches
l. Submucosal and myenteric plexuses
7. Connective tissues within the abdominopelvic cavity
a. mesentary
b. mesocolon
B. Structures on histology slides and models
1. slide #65 and #66 (liver)
a. central vein
b. lobule
c. Kupffer cell
d. hepatocyte
e. bile canaliculi
f. sinuosoids
g. portal triad: bile duct, portal artery & portal vein
2. slide #69 (pancreas)
a. exocrine cells (acinar cells)
3. slide #55 duodenum: note presence of duodenal (submucosal Brunner’s) glands
5. slide #56 jejunum: note presence of long villi
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6. slide #57 ilium: note presence of Peyer’s patches
7. slide #59 colon: note abundance of mucous (goblet) cells
C. Structures to identify for the cat dissection:
1. parotid salivary glands
2. esophagus
i. gastroesophageal junction
3. stomach
i. pyloric sphincter (valve)
4. small intestine
i. ileocecal sphincter (valve)
5. large intestine
6. rectum
7. anus
8. liver (note difference between humans and cats)
9. gall bladder
10. pancreas
11. greater omentum
12. lesser omentum
13. mesentery proper
14. mesocolon
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