11. Development of Asia
• Standard: investigate political and social
changes in Japan and in China from the
seventeenth century CE to mid-nineteenth
century CE.
• Essential Question: What were the political
and social changes in Japan and in China?
China
You are Here
Japan
Asian Policies
• Element: Describe the policies of the
Tokugawa and Qing rules; include how Oda
Nobunaga laid the ground work for the
subsequent Tokugawa rulers and how Kangxi
came to rule for such a long period in China.
• Vocabulary: Tokugawa, Qing rules, Oda
Nobunaga, Kangxi
How did exploration impact Asia?
• During this age of exploration, Asian and
European exploration brought changes to
China and Japan.
• European explorers brought Christianity to
this part of the world and also contributed to
economic changes in China and Japan
Qing Dynasty
• Manchurian rulers
• overthrew Ming
Dynasty
• resisted by the Chinese
• Rebels seized Taiwan
Qing Dynasty
Impact of Resistance:
• ordered all Chinese men to adopt Manchu
dress and hairstyles to easily identify rebels
• shave their foreheads and braid their hair into
a pigtail called a queue
• penalty for refusal was death
Acceptance of Manchurian Rule
• the Qing dynasty flourished
• A series of strong emperors corrected social
and economic ills
• restored peace and prosperity
• maintained the Ming political system
Acceptance of Manchurian Rule
Able to move past rulers being different from
subjects:
• (1) preserved their own identities by having a
different legal status, maintaining large
landholdings, and forming separate Manchu
military units called banners
• (2) brought Chinese into the top ranks of the
imperial administration, so they showed a
welcome willingness to share power
Kangxi
• Qing’s greatest emperor
• ruled from 1661 to
1722
• highly disciplined and
diligent
Kangxi
Policies:
• calmed the unrest along the frontiers
• won the support of scholars by supporting the
arts and letters
• tolerant of Christians
• sold trade privileges to Europeans
• limited contact between foreigners by confining
trade to a small island that was opened up for
certain months of the year
Kangxi
•
•
•
•
Ruled for 61 years
Maintained peace
Allowed for prosperity
Believed in the labor of the Chinese
State of Japan
• in chaos at the end of
the fifteenth century
• Shogunate, the military
leader, had collapsed
• Daimyo, the heads of
noble families,
controlled their own
lands
• warred with each other
Tokugawa Japan
Oda Nobunaga:
• Daimyo
• seized the capital of
Kyoto
• placed the shogun
under his control
Tokugawa Japan
Toyotomi Hideyoshi:
• succeeded Oda
Nobunaga
• moved the capital to
Osaka
• persuaded most of the
daimyo to accept his
authority by 1590
Tokugawa Japan
Tokugawa Ieyasu:
• the powerful daimyo of
Edo (Tokyo)
• succeeded Hideeyoshi
in 1598
• took the title of shogun
in 1603
• completed the
unification of Japan
Europeans in Japan
Impact of Interaction:
• Portuguese arrived in 1543
• regularly taking part in the regional trade
among Japan, China, and Southeast Asia
• initially welcomed
• Goods like tobacco, clocks, and eyeglasses
attracted the Japanese
• rulers were interested in European weapons
Europeans in Japan
• first Jesuit missionary,
Francis Xavier, arrived in
1549
• within 50 years
thousands of Japanese
had converted to
Christianity
Europeans in Japan
Expelling the Christians:
• Jesuit’s practiced destroying shrines which
caused a reaction
• Hideyoshi prohibited Christian activities in his
lands
• Tokugawa Ieyasu expelled the missionaries
and persecuted Japanese Christians
• European merchants were then expelled
Europeans in Japan
Dutch presence:
• a small Dutch presence
in Nagasaki was
permitted
• Dutch ships could dock
there only once a year
• could remain for only
two or three months
Tokugawa Rule
Alternate Attendance Policy:
• the shogunate controlled the daimyo by a hostage
system
• daimyo had to maintain two residences
• one in their own lands and one in Edo, where the
shogun lived
• if the daimyo was absent from Edo, his family had to
stay there
• because Daimyo had to maintain two properties, they
did not have the resources nor time to rebel against
the Shogun
Tokugawa Rule
Impact:
• remained in power at Edo, their capital, until 1868
• controlled the feudal system
• Japan divided into about 250 territories called hans, or
domains
• a daimyo ruled each hans
• many samurai who had served the daimyo ceased
being warriors and managed the lands of the daimyo
• brought a long period of peace known as the “Great
Peace”
Impact of Population Growth
• Element: Analyze the impact of population
growth and its impact on the social structure
of Japan and China.
China’s Population Growth
Reason For:
• population grew from 80 to 300 million
between 1390 and the end of the 1700s
• more than doubled during the Qing rule
• a long period of peace and stability was one
reason
• a faster-growing species of rice increased the
food supply
China’s Population Growth
Impact:
• less land for each family
• all available farmland was under production
• shortages led to unrest
• manufacturing and trade increased during this
period
• did not develop commercial capitalism
– merchants were not as independent in China
– Government controlled trade and manufacturing and
levied high taxes on it
Social Structure
Confucianism:
• the Confucian emphasis on family remained
strong and contributed to the stability of
Chinese society
• the family met its members’ needs, and the
members were expected to sacrifice their
individual desires for the good of the entire
family
Social Structure
Ideal Family in Qing China:
• the ideal family in Qing China was the
extended family of as many as four
generations
– sons brought their wives to live in the home
– unmarried daughters remained in the home
– the elderly were highly respected and cared for
Social Structure
The Clan:
• the clan of up to hundreds of related families
was also important
– a clan council, religious and social activities linked
the families
• wealthier families helped poorer families
within the clan
Japan’s Population Growth
Economic Changes:
• trade and manufacturing began to flourish
• breaking down the Confucian view
• by 1750 Edo was one of the world’s largest cities, with
a population of almost one million
• a merchant class emerged
• banking and a paper money system developed
• some peasant families benefited from this change by
exploiting the growing need for cash crops
• most peasants experienced declining profits and rising
costs and taxes and had to become tenant farmers
Japan’s Population Growth
Social Structure:
• rulers established strict distinctions among the
four main classes: warriors, peasants, artisans,
and merchants
• intermarriage of classes was forbidden
• enacted strict laws to regulate the eta’s places
of residence, dress, and hairstyles
Japan’s Population Growth
Social Hierarchy:
1. the emperor and court were at the top
2. next came the warrior class, composed of the shogun,
daimyo, samurai, and ronin, in order of decreasing
importance. Daimyo served the shogun and samurai
served the daimyo. Ronin were warriors without masters
who traveled around in search of work
3. next down were farmers, who had a privileged position
but were often poor
4. Artisans such as carpenters and sword makers came next
5. the lowest class was the merchants because they profited
from the labor of others
6. at the very bottom were Japan’s outcasts, the eta
Role of Women
• became more restricted
• Males had broad authority over property,
divorce, and marriage
• the wife moved in with the husband’s family
• if she did not meet their expectations, the
husband often divorced her
• both sexes worked in the fields