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Is this a
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Mountain lion
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Puma
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Cougar
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Panther
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Felis concolor

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To study the diversity of life
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To avoid confusion
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To group organisms in a logical manner
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To assign names

Classification
3 major traits used to classify organisms into the six kingdoms:
1) cell type a) prokaryotic – DNA is not surrounded by a membrane – No nucleus; has no membrane-bound organelles b) eukaryotic – has membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
2) method of obtaining food a) autotrophic – “self feeder”; makes its own food b) heterotrophic – gets its food from an outside source
3) reproduction & development a) sexual
– involves union of gametes b) asexual – one organism makes identical copies (clones)

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Discipline of classifying organisms & assigning each organism a universally accepted name.
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Biologist can be certain everyone is discussing the same organism.

small
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Start with a large general category & move to smaller more specific categories.
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High School Students
 Females
 Sophomores

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First attempts at standard names often described the physical characteristics of a species in great detail.
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This is a problem because the names were long and scientists described different characteristics.

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Swedish botanist
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Lived during the 18 th century
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Developed a naming system called binomial nomenclature
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Considered the
“Father of
Taxonomy”

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Each species is assigned a two-part scientific name.
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Written in italics or underlined
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First letter of the first word is capitalized and everything else is lowercase.
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First word is genus-a group of closely related species
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First plus the second word represents the species name

Grizzly Bear
Ursus arctos
Polar Bear
Ursus maritimus

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7 levels called Taxon (plural: taxa)
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From largest (most broad) to smallest (most specific)
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Domain
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Kingdom
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Phylum
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Class
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Order
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Family
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Genus

Species

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K
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P
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C
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O
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F
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G
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S

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K ing P hillip C ame O ver F or G randma’s S oup
 K ids P laying with C ars O n F reeways G et S quashed.
 K ids P laying C hicken O n F reeways G et S mashed.
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K ing P hillip c alled o ut f or g ood s oup.
 K ing P hilip c ame o ver f rom G ermany s wimming.
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K ing P hilip c ame o ver f or g ood s paghetti.
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K ings p lay c hess o n f at g reen s tools.
 K ings p lay c ards o n f airly g ood s oft v elvet. ("v" standing for "variety")
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K ings p ossess c rowns o f f ine g em s tones.
 K enneth, p lease c lose o ur f ront g ate s oon.
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K eep p lates c lean o r f amily g ets s ick.
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K illing p eople c auses o utbursts f rom g eneral s ociety.
 K lingon p hasers c harge o n f ast g ray s hips.

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Kingdom-largest and most inclusive
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Phylum-made of up several classes
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Chordata includes class Mammalia, class Aves (birds), class Reptilia, Class Amphibia, and all classes of fishes
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Class-made up of similar orders
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Mammalia
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Order-made up of similar families
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Carnivora

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Family-similar genera
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Ursidae-bears
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Canidae-dogs
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Felidae-cats
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Genus-similar species
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Species

classification comparison of 2 different species: housecat leopard
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Animalia
Chordata
Class
Order
Mammalia
Carnivora
Family Felidae
Genus Felis
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Panthera
Species Felis domesticus Panthera pardus

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Tool used to identify unfamiliar organisms
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A series of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms.
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Hints:


1. Look at one thing at a time
2. Always start with the 1 st pair of statements

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Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history
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Example-members of a genus share a recent common ancestor

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Diagram that shows these derived characteristics
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Shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
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An evolutionary tree
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Shows scientists where one lineage branched from another in the course of evolution

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Linneaus only had two kingdoms-Plantae and
Animalia
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Scientists then added three kingdoms
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Protista-microorganisms
Fungi-mushrooms, yeasts, and molds
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Monera-bacteria that lack nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
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Scientists then separated Monera into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

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A domain is more inclusive than a kingdom
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Domain Bacteria
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Kingdom Eubacteria
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Domain Archaea
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Kingdom Archaebacteria
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Domain Eukarya
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Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

Domain Archaea-Kingdom
Archaebacteria
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Unicellular
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Prokaryotic-No nucleus

Many live in extreme / harsh environments
(conditions)
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Mostly autotrophic by chemosynthesis
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Simplest cells
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Examples: Methanogens, halophiles

Domain Archaea-Kingdom
Archaebacteria

Domain Bacteria- Kingdom
Eubacteria
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Unicellular
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Prokaryotic-no nucleus
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Some autotrophs, others heterotrophs
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May be pathogenic (disease-causing)
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Reproduces asexually by binary fission
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Include: E.coli, rickettsias, Staphlococcus

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Eukaryotic-has a nucleus
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Not an animal, plant, or fungi
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Much variety – most diverse of the Kingdoms
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Most single cell but some multi-cellular
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Some autotrophs (w/ chloroplasts), some heterotrophs
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Some cell walls with cellulose
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Evolutionary link to all multicellular life
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Mostly aquatic
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Includes algae, paramecium, amoeba, euglena, diatoms, stentor

Domain Eukarya- Kingdom
Protista

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Eukaryotic-have a nucleus
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Heterotrophs by absorbtion
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Decomposers – break down matter
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Some unicellular (yeast) but most are multicellular (mushrooms)
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Cell wall with chitin
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No locomotion (non-motile) don’t move

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Eukaryotic-have a nucleus
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Multicellular
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Autotroph-obtain nutrition through photosynthesis
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Has chloroplasts
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Non-mobile-can’t move
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Cell wall with cellulose

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom
Animalia
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Eukaryotic-has a nucleus
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Heterotrophs
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Multicellular
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No cell wall or chloroplast
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Complex Cells
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Have specialized cells
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Most can move

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom
Animalia