Anatomy
 The structure
Physiology (fiz-e-ology)
 How the structure
works
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organisms
What is the smallest LIVING level of organization?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Respiration
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
1.
2.
You are working in a lab and think you
may be observing a new organism. What is
the minimal level of organization you
would need to observe in order to classify
this organism as a living thing?
You are working in a lab and think you
may be observing a new organism. You’ve
determined that the new organism is a
virus. Would this organism be classified as
a living thing? Why or why not?
**Draw and label each term listed below. Place the
organs in the correct spot
 Brain
 Pituitary
 Heart
Gland
 Mouth
 Trachea
 Esophagus
 Lungs
 Lymph
nodes
 Kidneys
Liver
 Stomach
 Pancreas
 Gall bladder
 Intestines
 Ovaries/uterus
or testicles


A state of balance
between a living
thing and the
environment

Through feedback
loops

Components of
feedback loops:
1. Receptor:
Evaluates
stimulus/change
2. Integrating center:
 Process info
3. Effector:
 Causes response

Stimulus
Response
Receptor
Effector
Integrating
Center
The bones and teeth contain
approximately 99 percent of the calcium
in the body, while the other 1 percent
circulates in the blood. Too much calcium
in the blood and too little calcium in the
blood both have negative effects. If blood
calcium levels decrease too much, the
parathyroid glands activate their calciumsensing receptors and release parathyroid
hormone. PTH signals the bones to release
calcium to increase the amount of
calcium in the bloodstream.
Thermoreceptors- detect temp
 Barroreceptors-detect pressure
 Photoreceptors- detect light
 Chemoreceptors- detect chemicals
 Osmoreceptors- detect osmotic pressure
 Nociceptors- sense pain
 Mechanoreceptors- allow for movement


Activity of the
effector REVERSES
the stimulus

What is the result?
› Change/stimulus is
reversed

System moves in the
SAME DIRECTION as
the change

What does this
mean?
› Condition/stimulus is
reinforced

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uv
4OSJmLqA
› Are the actions of the cowboys an example
of positive or negative feedback? Why?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=De
wIBGBATfY
› Are the responses of the knight’s victims an
example of positive or negative feedback?
Why?
The bones and teeth contain
approximately 99 percent of the calcium
in the body, while the other 1 percent
circulates in the blood. Too much calcium
in the blood and too little calcium in the
blood both have negative effects. If blood
calcium levels decrease too much, the
parathyroid glands activate their calciumsensing receptors and release parathyroid
hormone. PTH signals the bones to release
calcium to increase the amount of
calcium in the bloodstream.
Integrating
center
responds
Increase is
detected
Decrease
because
Homeostasis
Increase
because
Decrease
Detected
Integrating
center
responds
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Heating Unit is activated
Oven Temperature rises
Temperature in oven rises above 375
degrees
Heating unit shuts off
Temperature in oven decreases
because heating unit is off
Open oven door, cold air goes in,
temperature falls.
Lifeguard adds water
b) Lifeguard adds chlorine
c) Lifeguard tests for chlorine level and the
result is decreased levels of chlorine
d) Lifeguard tests for chlorine levels and
the result is increased levels of chlorine
e) Pool water level rises diluting chlorine
concentration
f) Chlorine level in pool rises
a)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Pancreas detects increase in blood glucose.
Increase in insulin secretion because of
increase in blood sugar and parasympathetic
stimulation.
Increased uptake of glucose due to insulin
excess converted to glycogen or fat which
causes decrease in glucose in the blood.
Pancreas detects decrease in glucose.
Physical activity causes increased
sympathetic stimulation of pancreas; increase
in epinephrine from adrenal medulla.
e)
f)
Decreased blood sugar causes
decreased secretion of insulin,
sympathetic stimulation of epinephrine.
Decreased uptake of glucose in tissue
provides more glucose for brain,
glycogen broken down to glucose,
glucose synthesized, fat is broken down
which increases glucose in blood and
release from liver.
Pool Chemicals
Blood Sugar Regulation
D
C
B
E
A
Homeostasis
F
Homeostasis
B
A
C
F
D
E
1.
What would happen to the heart rate if
some stimulus caused blood pressure to
decrease? Would this occur by positive
or negative feedback?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Body temp increase is detected by receptors in skin
and brain.
Heat-loss mechanisms activated by brain’s response
to receptors.
Sweating increases, blood vessels in skin dilate which
decrease body temp.
Receptors in skin and brain cause decrease in body
temp.
Heat-conserving and heat-generating mechanisms
within the body are activated by the brain.
Blood vessels in skin constrict, shivering occurs.
Behavioral modifications take place which increases
heat in the body.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Receptors in blood vessels detect increase in
blood pressure.
Brain’s control center for heart rate responds
which decreases heart rate.
Decrease in heart rate causes a decrease in
blood pressure.
Receptors in blood vessels detect decrease in
blood pressure.
Brain’s control center for heart rate responds
which increases in heart rate.
Increase in heart rate causes an increase in
blood pressure.

Describe the
anatomical position
based on the
image to the right.

Why is the
anatomical
position used?
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.4a
Figure 1.4b
Where is a plantar wart located?
2. Where do you take an otic
temperature?
3. If you have carpal tunnel syndrome
where is your injury located?
4. Where is the axillary nerver located?
5. If humans had dorsal fins, where would
the fin be located?
1.
6.
7.
8.
Women get botox to get rid of wrinkles
in which body region?
Which body region is Homer always
choking Bart?
Which body region is Dave Grohl’s
goatee growing?
Describe Gaston using body region terms
Zebra
Gaston

Which body region is
the zebra showing
you?

http://www.purposegames.com/game/f
606295531

http://www.wiley.com/college/apcentr
al/anatomydrill/

http://www.wisconline.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID
=AP15305
Superior
 Toward the head or
the above
Inferior
 Away from the head
or below
Anterior
 Nearer to/at the
front
Posterior
 Nearer to/at the
back
Medial
 Nearer the midline
Lateral
 Farther from the
**Midline = middle of
body
** only used to
reference
extremities (limbs)
Distal
 Farther from the
attachment of a
limb to the trunk
Proximal
 Nearer to the
attachment of a
limb to the trunk
Proximal
Distal
Carpals
Radius
Clavicle
Ventral
 Front or belly
Dorsal
 Back
Supine
 Lying face up
Prone
 Lying face down
Superficial
 Toward/on the
surface
Deep
 Away from the
surface
Superior or Inferior?
1.
2.
3.
Abdomen is ________________ to the pectoral region
Oral region is ______________ to the nose
Cervical region is __________ to the tail bone
Anterior/ventral or posterior/dorsal?
1.
Nose is _______________ to the ear
2.
Knuckles is __________ to the palm
3.
Heel is ________________ to the toes
Medial or lateral
1.
Radius bone is _________________ to the ulna bone
2.
Middle toe is ___________________ to the big toe
3.
Orbital region is _______________ to the ear
Proximal or distal
1.
Fingers is ___________________to the carpal region
2.
Upper arm is _______________to the clavicle
3.
Lower leg is ________________to the thigh

Write the following terms on the index
cards at your lab bench
› Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial,
lateral, proximal, distal, ventral and dorsal

Then place them in the proper location
on one of your lab partners.

On five notecards list two body
structures. Exchange your cards with
another group. Then you and your
partner will write a sentence for each
notecard using the correct directional
term/terms.

Write a statement for each of the six
pairs of directional terms. The statement
should show the relationship of each
pair.
› E.x. “The wrist is distal to the elbow, but the
shoulder is proximal to the elbow.”
Directional Terms Fill in
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_t
o_Regional_Anatomy/Lesson_3

Purpose Games
http://www.purposegames.com/game/an
atomy-directional-terms-quiz


Divide the abdomen into nine regions

Protect, separate
and support internal
organs

Frontal (Coronal)
plane
› Vertical
› Divides body into
anterior & posterior
parts

Transverse plane
› Horizontally
› Divides body into
superior & inferior
parts

Oblique
› Passes through at an
angle

Midsagittal
› Divides body/organ
into EQUAL right & left
halves

Parasagittal
› Divides the
body/organ into
UNEQUAL right and
left halves
Anatomical Planes Quiz
http://www.proprofs.com/quizschool/story.php?title=identify-anatomicalplanes-directions--human-body

Body Planes and Directional Terms
http://www.purposegames.com/game/bo
dy-planes-and-directional-terms-game
