Human Geography
Unit 2: Population and Migration
Created by Daniel L. Eiland | http://www.mreiland.info
Overview
Population
Unit 2
Migration
Population
Where is
Everyone?
Overpopulation
Sections
Why is
population
increasing at
different rates?
Where has
population
increased?
Part 1: Where is everyone?
The Study of Population
Demos (Greek for People) + graphe (Greek for to
Describe)
=
Demography
For Your Consideration:
In what places on Earth do you expect to find
the most people living?
What common traits might these places exhibit?
What is population
distribution?
“Population distributions are
descriptions of locations on
the Earth’s surface where
individuals or groups live.”
What is ecumene?
“Ecumene is the portion of
the Earth’s surface occupied
by permanent human
settlement.”
Common Traits of Global Population
Almost 90% of all
people live north of the
equator.
More than half of all
people live on about
5% of the land, and
almost nine-tenths on
less than 20%.
Most people live in
areas close to sea level.
About two-thirds of
world population is
concentrated within
300 miles of the ocean.
How do you
measure
population?
“You measure population by
looking at Population Density;
the number of people
occupying an area of land.”
Arithmetic Density
• The total number of people in an area.
• Population divided by Land Area
Physiological Density
• The number of people supported by a unit area of arable
land.
• Provides insights into the relationship between the size of
a population and the availability of resources in a region.
Agricultural Density
• The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of
arable land.
For Your Consideration:
How has the agricultural density of the United
States changed over the last 200 years?
Why might this be so?
How has ecumene
changed through
time?
What do you notice
about the uninhabited
areas of the earth?
For Your Consideration:
What inferences can you make by looking at countries with a high percentage of
arable land but a low agricultural density?
What inferences can you make about a country with a high physiological density but
a low arithmetic density?
Where do most
people live now?
Two-thirds of the World’s Population
is concentrated in four specific areas.
East Asia
China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and Taiwan
South Asia
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
The islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, Philippines,
Indonesia
Europe
Largely concentrated in urban areas.
Part 2: Where has the World’s
population increased?
How do you
measure population
change?
“You can measure population
change through the Crude
Birth Rate, the Crude Death
Rate, and the Natural
Increase Rate.”
The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is the total
number of live births a year for every
1,000 people alive in the society.
The Crude Death Rate (CDR) is the total
number of deaths a year for every
1,000 people alive in the society.
The Natural Increase Rate (NIR) is the
percentage by which a population
grows in a year.
NIR = (Crude birth rate − Crude death
rate) / 10
2.992% = (37.89 − 7.97) / 10
The Total Fertility Rate(TFR) is the
average number of children a woman
will have during her childbearing years.
The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the
annual number of deaths of infants under 1
year compared with total live births.
Life Expectancy measures the average
number of years a newborn can expect to
live at current morbidity levels.
Part 3: Why is population increasing at
different rates in different places?
For Your Consideration:
What allowed the population to grow so quickly
from AD 1750 – AD 2000?
What is the
doubling rate?
“The doubling rate is the amount of
time it takes to double a
population.”
Timeline of Population Growth
1750 C.E.
• The Industrial
Revolution
• Doubling Rate
decreases
because of
technology.
Start of Human
History
• Natural Increase
close to 0
1950s C.E.
• Doubling Rate
begins to
decrease.
8,000 B.C.E.
1850 C.E.
• The Neolithic
(Agricultural)
Revolution
• Doubling Rate
decreases
because of food.
• The Medical
Revolution
• Doubling Rate
decreases
because less
developed
countries begin to
get medicines.
For Your Consideration:
What are some reasons that the doubling rate
began to decrease in the 1950s?
What is a model?
“A model attempts to explain or
demonstrate why something exists
the way it does. “
What is the
demographic
transition model?
“The demographic transition model
explains the transition from high
birth and death rates to low birth
and death rates as a country
develops from a pre-industrial to an
industrialized economic system.
Stage 1:
Low
Growth
Stage 2:
High
Growth
Stage 3:
Moderate
Growth
Stage 4:
Low
Growth
What is a
population
pyramid?
“A population pyramid is a graphical
illustration that shows the
distribution of various age groups as
well as the sex ratio, the number of
males per hundred females and the
dependency ratio, the number of
people who are too old or too
young to work.
What are some population characteristics of Sudan’s population?
What does this tell you about the country?
1) What city is a college
community?
2) What city is a
retirement city?
3) What city is a
working city?
Stage 1: Low Growth
1.People depended on hunting and gathering
for food.
2.Most of human history spent during this
stage.
3.The NIR is essentially zero.
4.There is no country still in stage 1.
Stage 2: High Growth
1. Brought about by the Industrial Revolution.
2. CDR Plummets while the CBR remains the
same as in stage 1.
3. Allowed to spread to LDRs by the medical
revolution (20th century)
Stage 3: Moderate Growth
1. Brought about by cultural changes.
2. Characterized by a sudden drop in the CBR.
3. There is still growth but not as fast as in Stage 2
Stage 4: Declining Growth
1. The CBR = CDR
2. Brought about by an aging population,
education, and family planning
3. Zero Population Growth
4. Low TFR
Stage 5: Negative
Growth
1.Though not official, some say that there is a
Stage Five.
2.In stage five, CDR is greater than CBR largely
because of an aging population.
3.The NIR is below Zero.
4. Much of Europe is entering this stage.
What stage is it in?
Determine what stage of the Demographic
Transition Model each of the following
countries are in by using the population
pyramid.
The United States of America
Bolivia
The Russian Federation
Australia
Central America
Predicting Growth
To determine how much a population will grow,
geographers use the demographic accounting
equation:
𝑃 𝑡+1
= 𝑃 𝑡 + 𝐵 𝑡, 𝑡 + 1 − 𝐷 𝑡, 𝑡 + 1 + 𝐼 𝑡, 𝑡 + 1
− 𝐸 𝑡, 𝑡 + 1
Where
P = Population, B = Births, D = Deaths,
I = Immigration, E = Emigration, t = Time Now,
t + 1 = some time in the future
Economic
Development
Public
Policy
Education
What
affects
population
growth?
Cultural
Traditions
Gender
Empowerment
Healthcare
How does disease affect population?
What is the
Epidemiologic
Transition Model?
“The Epidemiologic Transition
Model focuses on distinctive causes
of death in each stage of the
demographic transition.”
Stage 1
• The stage of Pestilence and Famine
• Example: The Black Death
Stage 2
• The stage of receding Pandemics
• Example: Cholera
Stage 3
• The stage of degenerative and human-created diseases
• Examples: Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease
Stage 4
• The stage of delayed degenerative diseases
• Example: Cancer and disease is slowed or stopped by medical advances.
Stage 5 (Possible)
• Reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases.
• Reasons: Evolution, Poverty, Improved Travel
Part 4: Overpopulation?
Are we becoming
overpopulated?
My theory was that population is
growing too rapidly because while
population increases geometrically,
food supply increases arithmetically.
Thomas Malthus
Thomas Malthus’ Theory
Malthus Supporters (neo-Malthusians)
Argue:
• The growth of less developed countries are
outstripping even Malthus’ predictions.
• World population is not just stripping food but
a lot of other resources as well.
• These argue for continued programs for
population limitation such as birth control and
family planning.
Malthus Critics Argue:
• Malthus’ theory is based on a belief that the
world’s supply is fixed rather than expanding.
– An increase in technology and genetic food
production has increased the amount of available
food.
• A larger population stimulates economic
growth to produce greater resources.
The Reality of Population Growth
Food is increasing more rapidly than
predicted by Malthus.
Birth rates are declining and NIR is
dropping.
Why are birth rates declining?
For Your Consideration:
Do you think that we will ever reach a point of
zero-population growth worldwide? Why or why
not.
The Effects of Governmental Control
What is the difference
between expansive and
restrictive population
policies??
“Expansive population policies
encourage large families.
Restrictive population policies seek
to reduce the rate of natural
increase.”
Case Study: The Russian Federation
Russia currently has expansive population
policies. They have fewer workers than there are
jobs and not enough people are having children.
Policies:
Paying people to move to their country.
Having a “National Conception Day”
Case Study: China
From 1965 – the late 1970s China had a cultural
belief in growing their population. Their leaders
eventually recognized that their population was
growing too quickly and began instituting
restrictive population policies.
Policies:
“One Child Policy”
International Population Belief
The UN began to advocate for population
control, especially in less developed countries in
order to empower women.
For Your Consideration:
Why would family planning aid in the
empowerment of women?
Migration
Types of
Migration
Sections
Where do
people
migrate?
Reasons
for
Migration
Part 1: Types of Migration?
Cyclic
Periodic
Migration
• Involves a journey that begins at our home base and brings us back to it.
• These movement’s create activity spaces: which are spaces of daily
routines.
• Examples: Commuting, Seasonal Movement, Nomadism
• Periodic movement involves a longer period of time away from home.
• In transhumance, the periodic movement based on the seasons.
• Examples: Migrant labor, Out-of-State College, Military Service
• Permanent relocation.
• International (Transnational) Migration – Movement across country borders.
• Internal (Domestic) Migration – Movement within a country borders.
• Intraregional and Intraregional Migration
Is it Cyclic, Periodic, or Migration
1. Travelling from your house to school each day.
2. A rancher moving his herd from season to
season.
3. Taking a vacation in the summer.
4. Moving from Louisiana to California.
5. You attending Southeastern Louisiana University.
6. You attending Harvard.
Many Different Scales of Migration
Interregional
Internal
International
Intraregional
What is the difference
between emigration and
immigration?
“Immigration is migration to a
location, emigration is migration
from a location.”
Part 2: Reasons for Migration
Forced Migration
• The imposition of power which produces
involuntary migration movements that
cannot be explained by choice.
Voluntary Migration
•Occurs after a migrant weighs options
and choices (even if desperately and not
so rationally). Voluntary Migration can be
analyzed as a series of options or choices.
Forced Migration
Examples of Forced Migration:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Largest: The Atlantic Slave Trade
British relocation of prisoners to Australia
US relocation of Native Americans
Forced Counter-migration back to a country
of origin.
The African Slave Trade:
What country received the most African Slaves?
The Native American Forced Migration:
What kind of territory were Native Americans forced to
migrate to?
A Gray Area – Forced or Voluntary
People who leave their homes because they are
forced out, but not because they are officially
relocated or enslaved are called refugees.
A refugee emigrates because of:
War
Race
Political
Opinions
Religion
Fears of
Circumstance
Fears if
Persecution
Famine
Social Group
Membership
Nationality
Natural
Disasters
Why aren’t there
any noticeable
refugee populations
in the US?
Images from three different refugee camps.
Voluntary Migration
Why do people
choose to migrate
from one place to
another?
“I developed 11 laws of
migration. These laws examine
the reasons for migration, the
distance of migration, and the
characteristics of migrants.”
E.G. Ravenstein
Ravenstein’s Laws (or MODEL)
Every migration flow
generates a return or
counter-migration.
The majority of
migrants move a short
distance (Distance
Decay).
Migrants who move
longer distances tend
to choose big-city
destinations.
Urban residents are
less migratory than
inhabitants of rural
areas.
Families are less likely
to make international
moves than young
adults.
There exists an inverse
relationship between
source and destination
(The Gravity Model).
What is step migration?
“Step Migration is the
phenomenon in which long
distance migration happens in
stages. ”
What is an intervening
obstacle and
opportunity??
“An intervening obstacle is a
problem that hinders a complete
migration path. An intervening
opportunity is an opportunity that
causes someone to settle before
reaching there original destination”
For Your Consideration:
What would be an example of an intervening
opportunity? An intervening obstacle?
Characteristics of Migrants:
Most long distance
migrants are male.
Most long-distance
migrants are adults.
40% are Young Adults
Only 5% are over 65.
People with higher
levels of education are
more likely to make
longer moves.
People who have
friends or relatives who
have migrated to other
areas are more likely to
migrate.
For Your Consideration:
Which of the following would be most likely to occur.
Explain.
a) A Chinese family moves from their home in Beijing to
a small town in Idaho.
b) An American male college student moves from his
small Louisiana town to Los Angeles for school.
c) A female college professor and her son moves from
London, England to a town in Afghanistan.
d) A male migrant farmhand moves from his job in Iowa
to one in Kentucky.
Push Factors
Pull Factors
• Factors that cause a
person to leave an
area.
• Factors that cause a
person to be drawn to
an area.
Types of Push and Pull Factors:
• Armed Conflict
• Oppressive
Governments
• Job Opportunities
• Cost of Living
• Growth and Recession
• Crime/Pollution/Traffic
Problems
• Weather
Political Issues
Economic
Issues
Environmental
Issues
• Returning to homeland
• Moving with a family
• (Chain Migration)
• Improved
transportation allows
people to move to new
places.
Cultural Issues
Transportation
Issues
Part 3: Where do people migrate?
Part 1: Migration History
Global Migration Time-Line
Before 1500
Global scale
migration occurred
haphazardly.
It was largely
dependent on
spices, fame, or
exploration.
1500s- 1800s
1800s – 1900s
European
Colonization of
the America’s,
Coast of Africa,
and parts of
Asia
European
Colonization of
interior Africa
and Asia
Migration Transition Model
Stage 3 and 4:
These countries
become the primary
destinations of other
countries. Internal
migration is between
cities to suburbs.
Stage 1:
High daily or
seasonal mobility in
search of food
Stage 2:
High migration from
rural areas to cities.
International
migration also
becomes more
prevalent
Part 2: World Migration Patterns
For Your Consideration:
What current migration patterns are visible from the
above map?
Current Migration Patterns
Asia, Latin
America, Africa
have a net outmigration.
North America
Europe and
Oceana have a net
in-migration
Asia often
migrates to Europe
and North America
South America
often migrates to
North America
Analyze the map above. What questions could you
answer using this map?
Part 3: Migration into the US.
US Immigration Timeline:
Colonial Settlement
(Prior to 1776)
European Emigration
(19th and Early 20th
Century)
Since 1945
• Mostly from Great Britain.
• African Slaves
• 1840s-50s Irish escaping economic conditions and Germans escaping
political conditions.
• Late 1800s – The Industrial Revolution drew Germans, Irish, and
Scandinavians
• Early 1900s-Italy, Russia, Austria/Hungary came looking for fortune.
• After American law was changed, China, Philippines, India, Vietnam,
and Latin America began to immigrate in large numbers.
What may have caused the spike of African immigration
to the US in the 1990s?
Which of Ravenstein’s laws can you see by looking at this
map?
Part 4: US Internal Migration Patterns
US Internal Immigration Timeline:
Colonial
Settlement
• Mostly
Coastal
Locations.
Early 1800s
1840s - 90s
• Interior
Settlement
spurred by
the building
of canals and
low priced
land
between the
Appalachians
and the
Mississippi.
• The gold
rush
prompts
quick
migration
to
California –
bypassing
the Great
Plains area.
1890s –
1940s
1940s –
Present
• Americans
begin
moving to
the Great
Plains
region for
cheap
land.
• Increasing
Southern
Migration
For Your Consideration:
In the early twentieth century, African Americans began
moving from the rural South to large cities in the
Northeast, Midwest, and West. Why did this occur?
Center of US Population
Describe the movement of the center of US population
from 1790 to 2000.
End of Unit 2