MIGRATION MODEL
Belle Yeager & Noah Martin
4th Period AP Human Geography
What is Migration?
Migration (human) is the movement of people from one
place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up
permanent or semipermanent residence. An example of
"semipermanent residence" would be the seasonal
movements of migrant farmers. People can either choose
to move ("voluntary migration") or be forced to move
("involuntary migration").
Types of Migration
• Internal Migration: Moving to a new home within a state,
country, or continent.
• External Migration: Moving to a new home in a different
state, country, or continent.
• Chain Migration: A series of migrations within a family or
defined group of people. A chain migration often begins
with one family member who sends money to bring other
family members to the new location.
• Step Migration: A series of shorter, less extreme
migrations from a person's place of origin to final
destination—such as moving from a farm, to a village, to a
town, and finally to a city.
Push/Pull Factors
• Push Factors: Pressures which persuade a person to
move from an area. (i.e. oppression, unstable
government)
• Pull Factors: Those which attract the person to a
particular location. (i.e. beautiful scenery, refuge, strong
economy/government)
These are examples of intervening obstacles
that may keep a person from emigrating or
immigrating. Illiteracy, Religion, Travel
Costs, Political Differences, Language,
etc.
Todaro Model
• According to the Todaro Migration Model, Economic
factors are the number one push/pull factors.
• Policy makers can slow urban migration by creating
investment and new employment opportunities in rural
areas.
Ravenstein’s Law
• 1. Most migrants move relatively short distances. There’s an
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inverse relationship between the number of migrants and the distance
travels. (distance decay)
2. People who do move long distances are largely unaware of the
opportunities that are available at their destination. Therefore, they
tend to move to big urban centers.
3. Migration occurs in stages.
4. People in rural areas are much more likely to migrate than
those in urban areas. Based on the exponential growth of cities
(natural increase + rural-urban migration)
5. A typical migrant: A woman is more likely to migrate within their
country than men… Men are more likely to emigrate than women…
Most migrants are adults!
Circular Migration
• Migrants do not settle permanently in their new homes.
They leave their rural home at time of unemployment
returning periodically with money.