
Prokaryotes
› Cells that do not have a nucleus or any
other membrane-bound organelles
› Kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Eukaryotes
› Cells that do have a nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles
› Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and
Protista

All living things:
› Must obtain energy and nutrients
› Maintain homeostasis
› Respond to stimuli
› Reproduce
› Are made of cells

Plasma membrane
› A boundary between
the cell and its
external environment
› Flexible and allows
the cell shape to vary
› Controls movement of
materials into and out
of the cell
› Found in all cells

Cell wall
› An additional
›
›
›
›
boundary outside the
plasma membrane
Thicker and inflexible
Protects the cell and
gives it shape
Found in plants, fungi,
most bacteria, and a
few protists
Not found in animals

Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells
have the capacity to
a. assemble into multicellular organisms
b. establish symbiotic relationships with other
organisms
c. obtain energy from the Sun
d. store genetic information in the form of
DNA

Inside eukaryotic cells are membranebound structures called
a. cell walls
b. cilia
c. organelles
d. cytoplasm






Control the cell
Regulates all cellular
processes
Contains the DNA
Where DNA is
replicated
Where RNA is made
Related structures:
› Nuclear envelope
› Chromatin
› Nucleolus
Where proteins are made
 Found freely floating in the cytosol or
attached to the Rough ER


Rough ER
› Has ribosomes on the surface
› Aids in the production of proteins
› Transports proteins to the Golgi body or
imbeds them in the plasma membrane

Smooth ER
› Does not have ribosomes
› Produces lipids for the plasma membrane
› Drug detoxification



Also known as the
Golgi body or Golgi
complex
Modifies, sorts,
packages, and
transports proteins
Sends proteins to
their final destination
inside or outside the
cell



Found in plant cells,
some bacteria, and
some protists
Use energy from
sunlight to produce
sugars during
photosynthesis
Contains the green
pigment chlorophyll
Release energy
(ATP) from food
molecules during
cellular respiration
 Known as the
‘powerhouse’ of
the cell

Helps to maintain homeostasis by
controlling what enters and leaves the
cell
 Selective permeability – allows certain
materials to pass through the cell while
keeping others out


Passive transport – does
not use energy
› Diffusion – the
movement of
substances across the
membrane from high
concentration to low
concentration
› Osmosis – the
diffusion of water
› Facilitated transport –
a carrier molecule
transports a large
substance across the
membrane
Active transport –
requires energy
 Materials are moved
from an area of low
concentration to an
area of high
concentration

› Ex. Sodium-potassium
pump
Endocytosis – a process
in which a cell surrounds
and takes in material
 Exocytosis – a process
by which materials leave
the cell


Which of the following examples
illustrates osmosis?
a. Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in
response to the hypertonic fluid
surrounding the tubules.
b. Digestive enzymes are excreted into the
small intestine.
c. White blood cells consume pathogens and
cell debris at the site of an infection.
d. Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell
after the muscle completes its contraction.
Proteins that are catalysts – speed up
reactions by lowering the activation energy
 Features:

1. They do not make processes happen that
would not take place on their own. They just
make the processes take place faster.
2. Enzymes are not permanently altered or used
up in reactions.
3. The same enzyme works for the forward and
reverse directions of a reaction.
4. Each enzyme is highly selective about its
substrate
Substrates are molecules which a
specific enzyme can chemically
recognize and to which it can bind
 Substrates undergo chemical changes
to form new substances called products
 Each substrate fits into an area of the
enzyme called the active site


Once the enzyme-substrate complex is
formed, the enzyme holds the substrate
in a position where the reaction can
occur
Enzymes have an optimum pH and
temperature that they work best at
 If the pH or temperature is too high or
too low, then the enzyme will not
function properly or not at all


Food is commonly refrigerated at
temperatures 2°C to 7°C to slow the rate of
spoilage by bacteria. Which of the
following best explains why refrigeration at
these temperatures slows the spoilage of
food?
a. Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by
these low temperatures.
b. Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply
rapidly at these temperatures.
c. The enzymes in bacteria that cause food
spoilage are not active at these temperatures.
d. The enzymes in bacteria that cause food
spoilage are denature at these temperatures.
A simple sugar or a molecule composed
of two or more simple sugars
 The ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms is 1:2:1
 Monosaccharide – one sugar
 Oligosaccharide – short chain of two or
more sugars
 Polysaccharide – many sugars
 Ex. Glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose

Organic compounds that have more
carbon-hydrogen bonds and fewer
oxygens than carbohydrates
 Fats, oils, and waxes
 Insoluble in water
 Long-term energy storage, insulation,
and protective coatings

Composed of amino acids
 Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
 Important in muscle contraction and in
the immune system
 Transport oxygen in blood
 Component of cell membranes
 Ex. Collagen, enzymes, hemoglobin,
insulin, antibodies

Store information in cells in the form of a
code
 Make up ATP, NAD+, NADP+, DNA, and
RNA
 Made up of nucleotides which contain:

› A five-carbon sugar
› A nitrogen-containing base
› A phosphate group

The assembly of proteins in a cell takes
place in the
a. nucleus
b. vacuoles
c. cytoplasm
d. mitochondria

Which of the following is an organism
whose cell(s) lack(s) membrane-bound
organelles?
a. nucleolus
b. chromatin
c. eukaryote
d. prokaryote

In all reptiles, birds, and mammals, the
processes of excretion, water and salt
balance, and the regulation of pH in
body fluids are controlled by the
kidneys. This is an example of the
organism maintaining
a.
b.
c.
d.
reabsorption
homeostasis
insulation
hibernation

Proteins are long chains or polymers
made up of
a. nucleotides
b. carbohydrates
c. amino acids
d. lipids

Which of the following molecules
provides the greatest amount of energy
per gram of mass when metabolized?
a. carbohydrate
b. nucleic acid
c. protein
d. lipid

Which of the following environmental
changes can cause an increase in the
rates of reactions in cells?
a. increased temperature
b. decreased enzyme concentration
c. increase activation energy requirement
d. decreased diffusion rates
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A
C
A
C
C
D
B
C
D
A
http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/ci_testing.asp
x?PageReq=CI_TESTING_EOCT&SubPage
Req=GUIDES
 Google image search
 Campbell, Neil A. and Reece Jane B
(2001). "6". Biology. Benjamin Cummings.
 Miller, Kenneth R. and Levine Joseph S.
(2002). Biology. Prentice Hall.
