Introduction to Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1
http://humananatomyandphysiologyhq.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Human-Anatomy-And-Physiology.bmp
Introduction
• How do you think humans started studying
human physiology and anatomy?
http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSxTK1c1myc43TB5MuMTdQ4CRgiak3DE_kgXT464rgPK2sL63XV
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy:
– the branch of science that deals with the structure (morphology)
of body parts
• Physiology:
– the functions of body parts—what they do and how they do it.
• Why is it difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and
physiology?
– The structures of body parts are so closely associated with their
functions
• Think of some examples????
• Structure determines Function!!!!!
http://www.articlesweb.org/blog/wp-content/gallery/physiology-of-the-heart/physiology-of-the-heart-2.jpg
Characteristics of Life
• Characteristics of life are traits that all living
organisms share
• There are eight characteristics of life that humans
share with other organisms:
– 1. Movement-self initiated change in position, motion of
internal parts
– 2. Responsiveness-Ability to sense changes within or
around the organism and react to them
– 3. Growth-increase in body size
– 4. Reproduction-Parents produce offspring/producing
new individuals
– 5. Respiration-Obtaining oxygen
Continued…
– 6. Digestion-Chemically changing food substances ,
and getting rid of wastes
– 7. Absorption-passage of digested products through
membranes and into body fluids
– 8. Circulation-movement of substances throughout
the body
– 9. Assimilation-changing absorbed substances into
chemically different substances
– 10. Excretion-Removal of wastes
Characteristics of life
• Metabolism-The acquisition of food and
utilization of its energy, plus excretion
• How are the characteristics of life
dependent on metabolism?
– We need food and energy to be able to do all
of the characteristics of life
http://www.doctorjackson.org/images/metabolism.jpg
Maintenance of life: Requirements of
organisms
• Life requires certain environmental factors:
– 1. Water-most abundant compound in body, required for
metabolic processes, transports substances, and regulates
temperature
– 2. Foods-provide chemicals and water, used for E, making
new living matter, or regulate chemical reactions
– 3. Oxygen-used to release E from food substances which
drives metabolic processes
– 4. Heat-form of E, product of metabolic reactions
– 5. Pressure-(application of force to something)helps
humans breathe, also used inside body to push blood
through blood vessels
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis:
– The body maintaining an internal stable environment
(water, nutrients, oxygen & heat all stable)
• The body does this with homeostatic mechanisms
which are self-regulation control systems that have
three components:
– 1. Receptor-provides info about specific conditions
(stimuli) in the internal environment
– 2. Set point- tells what a particular value should be
(temperature of body 98.6°F)
– 3. Effectors-causes responses that alters condition in the
internal environment
http://www.dgward.com/physo101/sm06_pages/labs/Diagramming%20and%20Interpreting%20Regulatory%20Systems_files/image001.jpg
Homeostasis
• Negative feedback is a homeostatic
mechanism which is activated by an
internal imbalance that corrects it
• It first lessons the set point and corrects it;
then it corrects the effectors
• Think thermostat!!! Very similar to human
body (look on pages 6 & 7)
Why is this important to survival?
Temperature control animation
Levels of Organization
• Atoms (C)
• Cells (somatic)
• Molecules (H2O)
• Tissues (epithelial)
• Macromolecules (DNA)
• Organs (stomach)
• Organelle (mitochondria)
• Organ Systems (digestive
system)
Increase in complexity
to each level
• Organism (human)
Organization of the Human body
• Human organism is a complex structure
composed of many parts
• It has several body cavities
• Several layers of membranes
• And a variety of organ systems
Dorsal
Cavity
Lateral view
5
1. Frontal sinus
2. Orbital cavities
3. Nasal Cavity
6
4. Oral Cavity
7
5. Cranial Cavity
6. Sphenoidal sinus
7. Middle ear cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic Membrane
Peritoneal membrane!!!
Organ systems (11)
• Body Covering:
– Integumentary system
• Support and Movement:
– Skeletal system; Muscular system
• Integration and Coordination:
– Nervous system; endocrine system (glands that secrete hormones)
• Transport:
– Cardiovascular system; Lymphatic system
• Absorption and Excretion:
– Digestive system; respiratory system; urinary system
• Reproduction:
– Reproductive system
http://www.guidinginstincts.com/2011/07/our-bodys-instinctive-organ-systems.html
Anatomical Terminology: Relative
Positions
Also Superficial (near surface) and Deep
• Those terms are used when we assume
the body is in the anatomical position,
which is when it is standing erect, face
forward, with upper limbs at the sides and
the palms forward
Body Sections
Abdominal Body Regions