Reproduction and
Development
What is
reproduction?
Anticipatory Set

Please meet:
Petero
(from Uganda)
 And
 Kenadie!!!
 What do they have in common??
Crouzon Syndrome
genetic disorder, skull bones fuse,
1-25,000 are affected

*
Meet Kenadie!
Kenadie 3yrs.old
 Tyran 18mths.
 Primodial
 dwarfism

Chapter Vocabulary
Chromatin
 Chromatid
 Chromosome
 Sister chromatids
 Homologous pair
 Diploid
 Haploid
 Autosome
 Sex chromosome






Gene
Karyotype
Gamete
Zygote
mutation
Reproduction
 To
make more of its own kind:
 A) asexual – 1 parent, identical
offspring
 B) sexual – 2 parents, NOT
identical offspring
What is a chromosome?
Contains genetic information
 Made of genes which are made of DNA
 Chr. genes  DNA


Let’s look at the structure: chromatid,
centromere, double stranded chromosome
CHROMATIN
thin uncoilded strands of DNA
CHROMATID
each side of chromosome
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME
the same shape and size carry genes
for same traits
Karyotype
What gender is this individual?
What can you tell me about this
karyotype?
Mouse Karyotype
Diagnosis the individual…
DIPLOID
cells with TWO sets of chromosomes
(2n)
Haploid
only ONE set of chromosomes (n)
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle!
What is Mitosis?
 Cell
division by nuclear
duplication (exact copy) and
cytoplasmic division
 Occurs through phases….
How to Remember the phases!
I______________
 P______________
 M_____________
 A______________
 T______________

What are the phases
(stages) of mitosis?

Interphase: (not considered the first
phase)
 G1, S, G2
 Resting
stage
 Chromosomes duplicate
 Growth
 Longest phase
Prophase
Nuclear membrane begins to disappear
 Nucleolus disappears
 Spindle fibers begin to

form
 Chromosome visible
 Under microscope!
 Centrioles appear begin
migrating to opposite pole
-Asters radiate from centrioles &
attach to chromosomes

Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in middle
 Spindle fibers attach
 Centrioles on opposite ends (centrioles not
present in plant
Cell!

Anaphase
Chromosomes separate
 Centromere duplicate
 Spindle fibers shorten

Telophase
Membrane begins to pinch in
 Cytoplasm divides
 Daughter cells form (identical)
 Reappearance of nuclear membrane,
centrosome, etc.

Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides
forming the cleavage
furrow.
 Plant cell forms cell
plate only!


!
mitosis

*
Under the microscope

!
Plant cell mitosis

Identify the parts…
Difference in Plants
 NO
CENTRIOLES
 FORMS CELL PLATE!!
Meiosis
What
is
meiosis?
Why do we
need to learn
about it??
Meisosis

!
Mitosis and Meiosis
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
What are the different forms of
asexual reproduction?
1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
 5.

binary fission
budding
spore formation
regeneration
vegetative propagation
Binary Fission

Equal division
 A)
paramecium
 B) ameba
Budding

Unequal cytoplasmic division
 A)
yeast
 B) hydra
 Produces
many buds
 Also reproduces sexually

Budding
Sporulation

Spore formation
 A)
bread mold
 Spores:
released by parent, good condition the
develop, protective wall to prevent drying of
protoplasm
 Hypha, mycelium (spores), rhizoids
Bread Mold
Bread Mold

YUM!!
Regeneration

Growing back of missing parts
 A)
starfish
 B) planaria (flatworm
(we can’t regenerate due to “differentiated
cells”)
ex: we can’t grow a finger back!
Starfish Regeneration

OUCH!
Vegetative Propagation

Type of regeneration in plants from roots,
stems or leaves
 A)
Natural Vegetative Propagation
 1.
bulbs – onions, raddish (roots)
 2. tubers – potatoes (stems)
 3. runners – strawberries, ivy

*
Natural Vegetative
Propagation

Artificial Vegetative
Propagation
1. cuttings
 2.
grafting