REPRODUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Ms. Pici
The Park School of buffalo
BRAIN STORM
In your groups with the same color brainstorm on your sheet
of paper what types of reproduction there are.
Include anything related to these types of reproduction
ORGANIZE YOUR THOUGHTS
Asexual
reproduction
Reproduction
Sexual
Reproduction
Genetically
identical
offspring
Diversity
among
offspring
One parent
Two Parents
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
THE CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS
• Stages of life combine into the cell cycle, this is when a
new cell is created, when a cell divides it performs
reproduction.
• Reproduction: the process by which living things make
more living things
• Mitosis occurs more often
then Meiosis
INTERPHASE
• Is the longest phase
of the life cycle
• Divided into 3 stages:
1. G1- (G= Growth) cell performs it’s normal activities (cell
respiration)
2. S- S= Synthesis, makes a copy of it’s entire DNA
Copies are called Sister Chromatids, joined together tightly at
centromere
3. G2- cells make copies of its organelles and doubles in size
prepare the cell for M stage, or Mitosis
MITOSIS
• Mitosis: a cell undergoes
division to make two
identical daughter cells.
• 4 stages
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
PROPHASE
• Nuclear envelope is broken down
• Cell forms a network of fibers called: Spindles (move
chromosomes around during reproduction)
• Chromosomes in DNA are copied
• Chromosomes are paired
METAPHASE
• Second phase
• Spindle fibers line up the sister
chromatids in center of cell
• Nucleus disappears
ANAPHASE
• Third phase
• Sister chromatids separate at their centromeres,
they become individual chromosomes
• Spindle fibers move chromosomes
to opposite sides of cell
TELOPHASE
• Fourth phase
• Two nuclear envelopes form around each set of
chromosomes
• Spindle fibers break down
• Cytokinesis occurs, process of dividing the cytoplasm into 2
daughter cells
THE WHOLE PROCESS
OTHER PROCESSES
• Eukaryotes are cells that undergo mitosis
• Prokaryotic cells DO NOT have a nucleus and undergo a
process called binary fission
• Binary fission: prokaryotic cells copies DNA and doubles in
size, copies separate, two identical cells are produced
WHAT IS CANCER?
• Cancer= a physical condition in which a cell grows without
control and divides too much
• Cancer cells divide by mitosis
• Creates balls
of cell called a tumor
TUMORS
• Benign tumor only grows in one area of the body
Can spread to other areas of the body, cells from tumor
break away and enter blood, and attach to other areas
• Once the cells attach they grow and divide into a new
tumor.
• Metastasis: process of cancerous cells spreading into toher
body areas
• Tumors that spread are: malignant tumors
GETTING RID OF CANCER
• Removal by surgery
• Radiation therapy : kills the cells in tumor by breaking them
apart
• Chemotherapy : drugs are used to poison tumor cells
1-29-16
• Pick up a note packet for reproduction and
development and Lab
BRAINSTORM WITH YOUR TABLE 1-29-16
• With your group or members of your table
discuss mitosis what cells use mitosis, and
what types of cells use meiosis.
MEIOSIS: THE LIFE CYCLE OF SEX
CELLS
• Gametes or sex cell do NOT perform mitosis
• Gametes are haploid cells (1 set of chromosomes, 23)
• When sperm and egg are combined a zygote or diploid cell
forms (2 copies of each chromosomes, called homologous
chromosomes)
MEIOSIS
• Involves two divisions meiosis I
and meiosis II
• Meiosis I homologous chromosomes
are separated from each other
• Meiosis II sister chromatids are
separated, cells become haploid
MEIOSIS I
MEIOSIS I
• Prophase I
Chromatids shrink, spindle fibers appear and attach
to centromeres, synapsis occurs, (synapsis is when
homologous chromosomes pair together and form a
tetrad) DNA is traded with each other, this called
crossing over.
This creates different chromosomes that are passed
onto offspring
MEIOSIS I
• METAPHASE I
Tetrads line up in the middle of cell
• ANAPHASE I
Homologous chromosomes separate move towards opposite
ends of cell (haploid daughter nucleus) 1 set of
chromosomes
• TELEPHASE I and CYTOKINESIS
The nuclei and cytoplasm divide in half 2 daughter cells form
Each has two copies of the same set of chromosomes
MEIOSIS II
MEIOSIS II
• DNA is not copied
• Prophase II nuclei and sister chromatids are tightly packed
Spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids, move towards
center of cell
• Metaphase II
chromatids reach plate
• Anaphase II
separate at centromere, become individual chromosomes
move to opposite ends of cell
Telophase II
Four nuclei are created, 4 haploid daughter cells are created
23 chromosomes
TYPES OF
REPRODUCTION
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
Reproductive
System Basics
Two Types of Reproduction
Asexual:
A single parent
produces offspring
genetically identical
to itself.
Single-celled organisms.
Original parent
BACTERIA
Identical
Offspring
More uniform
offspring
Requires one
parent
REGENERATION OCCURS
WHEN PART OF AN
ORGANISM GROWS TO
FORM OTHER ORGANISMS
THAT ARE OFTEN STILL
CONNECTED TO THE
ORIGINAL ORGANISM.
FRAGMENTATION occurs
when the body of the
parent breaks into distinct
pieces, each of which can
produce an offspring.
PLANARIA REPRODUCE BY
FRAGMENTATION AND
REGENERATION
STARFISH REPRODUCE BY
FRAGMENTATION AND
REGENERATION
BUDDING occurs when a
small part of the parent's
body separates from the
rest and develops into a
new individual, eventually
becoming an
independent organism.
YEAST – A TYPE OF
BACTERIA THAT YOU USE IN
BREAD. REPRODUCE BY
BUDDING.
HYDRA – FOUND IN
LAKES AND PONDS.
REPRODUCE BY
BUDDING.
BINARY FISSION occurs
when a cell simply grows
larger, copies its DNA in
genes and chromosomes,
and then forms a cell
membrane down the midsection of the cell to form 2
new 'daughter' cells.
AMOEBA REPRODUCES BY
BINARY FISSION.
BACTERIA
REPRODUCES BY
BINARY FISSION.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM BASICS
Two Types of Reproduction
Sexual:
Offspring is produced by
combining the genetics of
two parents.
Multi cellular organisms.
Requires two
parents
More genetic
variation
ASEXUAL VS. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual
Reproduction
Sexual
Reproduction
ASEXUAL VS. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
A single parent cell
produces offspring
that are exactly
like the parent.
The new
individual has
the exact same
traits as the
parent
Two parent cells
join together and
develop into a
new individual
Living things make
other living things
like themselves
Asexual
Reproduction
Sexual
Reproduction
All organisms must
reproduce in order
for their kind to
survive
Most single
celled
organisms
Strawberry
Plants;
amoebas; coral
Human
s
The new
individual
shares traits
from both
parents
Most
animal
s
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
• Reproduce sexually
• made of various organs that differ for males
and females
• Process of creating gametes in males and
females differs
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Sperm is the male gamete
• Spermatogenesis, take place
in the testes ( gonads)
• Male sex hormones testosterone
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Testes are in scrotum (temperature matters)
• Sperm are released during sexual activity,
travel through vas deferens
• Carry sperm to urethra- carries both semen
and urine
FEMALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
• Eggs (female gametes)
produced by oogenesis in
the ovaries
• Oocytes are in prophase I
• Estrogen is female sex
hormone
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM AND PREGNANCY
Complete the active reading with your
group, take turns reading a section of the
article and highlighting what is important.
HUMAN GENETICS
What can go wrong?
Chromosome
Mutations
Gene
Mutations
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
•
1 infant in 200 newborns has a
chromosomal abnormality
• 28% of first trimester miscarriages have
a chromosomal abnormality
• Abnormalities in larger
chromosomes don’t usually survive
A change in the DNA code of an
organism is called a
MUTATION
______________________
Mutations can be
BENEFICIAL
_______________
HARMFUL
OR ______________
BENEFICIAL MUTATIONS
Help an organism survive
and reproduce
Provide variation in population
for natural selection to act
upon
Image from:
http://www.cheryllavender.com/Snow%20Rabbit.jpg
HARMFUL MUTATIONS
LETHAL
Can result in death =___________
(even before birth)
Cause a genetic disorder
Cause cancer
SOMATIC CELL MUTATIONS
If the change happens in a BODY CELL
(lung, liver, brain, muscle, etc.)
Somatic cell mutation
= ______________________
Somatic cell mutations can:
______________________
Cause cancer
Make cell not able to function
______________________
Kill cell
_____________
BUT won’t be passed on to
offspring
GERM CELL MUTATION
If the change happens in
Gametes
(sperm & eggs)
Germ cell mutation
= _______________________
 Can be passed on to offspring
Changes in chromosome number
Missing
chromosomes
____________________________
(monosomy)
EX: Turner’s syndrome - X0
Extra
chromosomes (trisomy)
____________________________
EX: Down’s syndrome – 3 #21’s
Kleinfelter’s syndrome- XXy
2-4-16
• Note packet
• Karyotyping lab
• Pick up homework
• TURN TO nondisjunction
• You need glue and sissors
NON-DISJUNCTION
A homologous pair sticks together and
doesn’t separate at MEIOSIS.
One cell gets 2 copies of
the chromosome the
other cell gets none.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EA0qxh
R2oOk
NONDISJUNCTION
NONDISJUNCTION
• Chromosomes don’t separate
at anaphase
• Cell gets 2 copies of a
chromosome OR none
• After fertilization new baby
gets 3 of each chromosome
(trisomy) or only 1 copy of
each (monosomy)
HUMAN ABNORMALITIES
CAUSED BY NONDISJUNCTION
Down’s syndrome
Patau syndrome
Kleinfelter syndrome
Turner’s syndrome
Xyy
https://www.yo
utube.com/wat
ch?v=YQG8o5
b4lKg
TURNER’S SYNDROME
(MONOSOMY)
TURNER’S SYNDROME XO
• 1 in 5000 births
• Female = XO
• Small size
• Slightly decreased intelligence
• 35% have heart abnormalities
• Hearing loss common
• Broad chest
• Undeveloped ovaries/can’t have
children
KLEINFELTER SYNDROME XXY
(TRISOMY)
KLEINFELTER SYNDROME
• 1 in 1000 births
• Male = XXy
• Average to slight decrease in
intelligence
• Small testes/
can’t have children
• Usually not discovered until puberty
when don’t mature like peers
XYY SYNDROME
• Xyy males
• Taller
• Average
intelligence
• Some study
show increased
learning
disabilities
• Lead normal
lives
DOWN’S SYNDROME (TRISOMY 21)
DOWN’S SYNDROME (TRISOMY 21)
• 1 in 660 births
• Similar facial
features
• Slanted eyes
• Protruding
tongue
DOWN’S SYNDROME (TRISOMY 21)
Simian line on
palm
DOWN’S SYNDROME (TRISOMY 21)
• Most common chromosomal
abnormality
• 50% have heart defects that
need surgery to repair
• Mental retardation
• Risk increases with age of
mom
PATAU SYNDROME (TRISOMY
13)
PATAU SYNDROME (TRISOMY 13)
• Can be traced back
300 years in literature
• 1st identified as a
chromosomal cause in
1960
• 1 in 7000 births (rare)
PATAU SYNDROME (TRISOMY 13)
Cleft lip & palate
Eye
abnormalities
(too small or
missing)
PATAU SYNDROME (TRISOMY 13)
Low set ears
Polydactyly