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The ability to do work or make change.

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Is the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter.
• We measure temperature in Celsius (˚c)
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Freezing point of water- 0˚c
Boiling point of water- 100˚c
• Kinetic Energy- is the energy of motion.
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It is the motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and objects.

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Thermal energy is the internal energy in substances.
• Also known as heat or radiant energy.
• It is the vibration and movement of the atoms and molecules within substances.
• The more thermal energy in a substance, the faster the atoms and molecules vibrate and move.

The physical forms in which a substance can exist

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Solids have a definite shape and volume
• Particles of the substance are very close together
• Two types of solids:
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Crystalline
Amorphous

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Crystalline solids have a very orderly, three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or molecules. Particles repeat in patterns or rows
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Example: diamonds, salt ,sugar

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Amorphous solid are arranged randomly.
Each particle is in a particular spot,
but the particles are in no particular pattern.
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Example: tires, rubber, wax

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Do not have a definite shape but do have a definite volume.
• Liquids take the shape of their container.
• Molecules in liquid move fast by each other, and are close to each other

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Surface Tension is the result of an inward pull among molecules that beings the molecules on the surface closer together.
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Ex: beads of water on a car or leaf, bugs walking on water.
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Viscosity a liquids resistance to flowing.
• Depends on size, shape, and attraction of particles.

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Do not have a definite shape or volume
• In a gas there are empty spaces between particles.
• Gas molecules-
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 move fast enough to break away from each other.
have less attraction between them.

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Plasma is a gas like state of matter consisting of a mixture of free electrons and atoms that are stripped of their electrons (ionized).
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Where is Plasma? Both ordinary and exotic places!
• When an electric current is passed through neon gas, it produces both plasma and light. Also in fluorescent lights.
• Lightning is a massive electrical discharge in the atmosphere that creates a jagged column of plasma.
• Part of a comet's streaming tail is plasma from gas ionized by sunlight and other unknown processes.
• The Sun is a 1.5-million-kilometer ball of plasma, heated by nuclear fusion

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A phase change occurs when matter changes from one state to another.
This is a physical change.
Sublimation
Vaporization/ condensation
Melting/ freezing

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Endothermic Change, a change in which energy is taken in.
• Example: The melting of ice, Ice packs
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Exothermic Change, a change in which energy is released.
• Example: A burning fire, Calcium
Chloride & H
2
O

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Is the change of state from a solid to a liquid.
The melting point of a substance is the point at which the substance changes from a solid to a liquid.
Melting pts. of substances vary.
Melting pts. can be used to identify a substance, it is a property of matter
Melting is a endothermic change
• Heat energy is absorbed, or taken in.

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Freezing is the change of
state from a liquid to a solid.
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Freezing is the reverse process of melting. SO, freezing and melting occur at the same temperature.
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Freezing is exothermic change .
• Heat energy is removed or taken out.

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Is a change from liquid to gas
Boiling is vaporization that occurs throughout the liquid.
• Boiling pt. is a physical property of matter
• When a liquids becomes a gas the atoms spread apart.
• Pressure affects boiling points
Evaporation is vaporization that occurs at the surface of the liquid.
- Evaporation point is below boiling pt.

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Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid.
Condensation Point: The temperature at which the gas becomes a liquid at a given pressure.
When a gas becomes a liquid atom clump together.
Condensation is Exothermic

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Is a change from a solid state directly to a gas state.
• Ex: Dry Ice