How Are Achievement,
Hunger, and Sex Alike?
Different?
No single theory accounts
for all forms of motivation,
because each motive
involves its own mix of
biological, mental,
behavioral, and
social/cultural influences
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Need for Achievement (n Ach)
• Mental state that
produces a
psychological
motive to excel or
reach some goal
The desire to attain a difficult, but
desired, goal
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Thematic Apperception Test example
A story
story showing
showing aa high
low nnAch
A
Achwould
wouldhave
havemore
more
negative
overtones
about
thethe
negative
aspects
positive
overtones
about
boy’s desire
to of
learning
instrument
be athe
musician
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Three Types of Needs
•
Need for Achievement (nAch)
•
•
Need for Affiliation (nAff)
the need for friendly social
interactions and relationships
with others.
•
•
Need for Power (nPow)
the need to have control
or influence over others.
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A Cross-Cultural Perspective on
Achievement
• Individualism
• Collectivism
View that places a
high value on
individual
achievement and
distinction
View that values
group loyalty and
pride over individual
distinction
• Common in Asia, Africa,
Latin America, Middle
East
• Common in the Western
world…Europe, the U.S.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Hunger
as Motivation
• Eating comes naturally
• If it was entirely learned,
would probably
learning it
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you
starve before
The Multiple-Systems Approach
to hunger
– Hunger Your
combines
many facts:
Example:
readiness
to eat a piece
--the body’s
energy
of–pizza
depends
on…requirements
– --food
(Sweet/high fat foods)
when
you preferences
last ate
whether
you like pizza
– --environmental
food cues
the
time of day
– --cultural
demands
are your friends encouraging you to have a
–
--social
norms
piece
body
biology
is –it--basic
culturally
acceptable
are you dieting
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Set Point
– Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a
certain level of body fat and body weight
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Motivation and Hunger
 The hypothalamus
controls eating and
other body
maintenance
functions
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Motivation and Hunger
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Eating Disorders
• Bulimia Nervosa
• Anorexia Nervosa
• less than 85% of desirable
still believes is fat
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weight and
Weight Control
• The human body
adapted to periods
of feast and
famine…
• a good thing for
stone age humans,
not so good for
today’s world
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Women’s Body Images
1 – 5 Scale
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• The Thinning of Miss America
Trend in Body Mass Index (BMI) of Miss America Pageant Winners
24
BMI, kg/m²
23
22 •
21 •
20
19
18
17
16
15
•
Trend line
•
•• • • •
• •
• •••
•
•
• •
•• • •
•
• •
•
•
• ••• •
• •
• •
•
• •
World Health
•
Organization’s
•
cutoff point for
undernutrition (18.5)
•
•
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year of Pageant
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• Watch “These pretzels are making me thirsty” video
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRaLpHoZA8E
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The Thirst Drive
• Volumetric Thirst
• A drop in extracellular
fluid levels
• (Fluid outside the cells, such as in
the blood)
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The Thirst Drive
• Osmotic Thirst
• A drop in
intracellular fluid
levels
• Results from water moving
through the cell
walls…escaping in the form
of sweat, urine, feces,
mucus, breath moisture
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Pain
• Usually produces a drive to avoid or remove,
rather than seek, a stimulus.
Sex and Motivation
• Sex in NOT a homeostatic drive because it does not
return the body to a state of equilibrium
• The brain is the major sex organ in humans
The Scientific Study of Sexuality
• 1. Alfred Kinsey: Beginning in 1948,
interviewed 17,000 Americans
concerning their sexual behavior.
• Finding: Certain sexual behaviors,
considered rare, were common
• 2. Masters and Johnson 1960s-70s
• Brought sex into the laboratory
– Sexual Response Cycle
– Four-stage sequence of arousal,
plateau, orgasm, and resolution
occurring in both men and women
Sexual Motivation
Same drives, different attitudes
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Sexual Scripts
• Socially learned
ways of
responding in
sexual situations
• Both learning
and genetics
affect our sexual
behaviors
Motives in Conflict
• Approach-Approach Conflict
•
A conflict in which one must choose between two
equally attractive options
• Finishing college and a full-time job offer
• Easiest conflict to resolve
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2007
Motives in Conflict
• Approach-Avoidance Conflict
•
A conflict in which there are both appealing
and negative aspects to the decision to be made
• Going out to a party, knowing that you will
be grounded for being at the party.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon
2007
Motives in Conflict
• Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
•
A conflict in which one must choose
between two equally unattractive options
• You intensely hate your job, but fear the
reality of unemployment if you quit
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon
2007
Motives in Conflict
• Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict
•
A conflict in which one must choose between
options that have both many attractive and
many negative aspects
Go to the Party
Meet friends
Have a good time
Aren’t alone
Aren’t bored
Go to the Party
Get grounded
Don’t study for a test
…fail it
Do something stupid that
you’ll regret
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2007
The Origins of Sexual Orientation
• Heterosexuality
• Homosexuality
• Several theories about
orientation…testosterone levels and parenting
do not contribute
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The Origins of Sexual Orientation
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• Watch video Case studies of sexual orientation in twins
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qi-g5F8NMC8
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007