GILDED AGE
WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER ABOUT
INDUSTRY PRE-CIVIL WAR?
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RegionWorkers in the factoryMajor productTransportation-
US INDUSTRIALIZATION PART II
• Why does the US continue to industrialize?
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natural resources
labor supply
Labor saving technologies
Gov’t policies to benefit them
Entrepreneurs
• Natural resources
• Oil- Industries arise to make $$
• Coal & iron
• Steel Process (remove carbon from iron)
• Bessemer Process- inject air into molten iron to remove carbon
• Cities become centers for steel (ex. Pittsburg)
IMPACT OF STEEL
• Steel
• RR
• Barbed wire, McCormick &
Deere’s farm equipment
• Farming more efficient
• Bridges
• Skyscrapers
• *helps America expand in
all directions
OTHER TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
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Thomas Edison- light bulb
Alexander Graham Bell- phone
Motion pictures
Phonograph
Henry Ford- Assembly Line
Refrigerated train car
BIG BUSINESS LEADERS
ANDREW CARNEGIE
• Background Info: early money from
RR & Later enters the Steel Industry
(his company will dominate the
steel industry)
• Tactics:
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Goal: make product cheaper
Employees can buys stock
Competition amongst his employees
Buys out his opponents
• Charity:
• Donated a significant amount of his
wealth to others
www.biography.com
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
• Dominated the oil industry
• His company: Standard Oil
• Tactics:
• push out competitors
• Created an oil trust
• Horizontal integration
• Interesting facts:
• Will be worth $1 billion by 1916
www.wikipedia.org
JP MORGAN
• Bought out other
companies
• Dominated the banking
industry
• Interesting fact- Carnegie
forces Morgan to buy his
steel company for 400
million
• Morgan takes the company &
brings its worth to over $1.4
billion
www.wikipedia.org
AMERICAN PERCEPTIONS OF THESE
MEN
• These men called themselves “captains of industry”
while average Americans disliked their tactics &
Called them “Robber Barons” instead
• They defended their success with the concept of Social
Darwinism- _________________________________
• Tactics:
• Dominate an industry & create a monopoly
• Once in control, hike the prices up
• Pay low wages
GOV’T INVOLVEMENT
• US Government starts to realize they need to
“regulate” Big business as many Americans are
unhappy with the tactics (like creating a monopoly)
• In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
• Illegal to form a trust that hinders free trade
• Law is difficult to enforce & not very effective
SOUTH DURING GILDED AGE
• Still very rural
• Focusing on cotton
• Sharecropping
• Some industry starting to occur
• Many textile mills
FACTORY LIFE
INDUSTRIAL LIFE
• Long hours, low pay, unsafe working conditions,
use of women & children
• Death rate higher for women
• Upsets the working classes
• Decide to organize
AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFL)
• Samuel Gompers
• Believe in collective
bargaining to achieve
lower hours and higher
pay
• Also believed in strikes
• AFL is successful
SOCIALISM & THE WORKER
• Eugene Debs- activist & key socialist leader
• What is socialism?
• An economic and political system based on gov’t control
of business and property and equal distribution of wealth
(452)
• Communism- extreme form
• Many workers turn to socialism to improve working
conditions
HAYMARKET AFFAIR
• Haymarket Affair 1886
• 3,000 workers meet in Chicago square
• Upset about police brutality (workers killed)
• Bomb tossed on police line & they fire back
• 7 police officers and several workers killed
• Source of bomb is unknown, but the Speakers at the
square convicted of inciting a riot
• 4 killed
• Impact: protesters are associated with the unions & many turn
against Unions
• The community Blames the unions for the violence
HAYMARKET SQUARE
PULLMAN STRIKE
• Due to Panic of 1893, many workers fired & others
lose wages
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Strike in spring of 1894
Union groups refuse to ride in Pullman cars
Pullman hires strike breakers
Turns violent- federal troops sent in
• All strikers fired and blacklisted from other jobs
HATRED OF UNIONS
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Industrial leaders feared the power of unions
Make it very difficult for unions to exist
Laws passed by Congress to legalize it
Union membership continued to grow anyways
Why weren’t the Unions strong in the South?
RAILROADS
IMPORTANCE OF RR
• New markets
• Cities specialize in 1 product
• Promote the growth of other
industries
• Affects daily life
• (time zones created)
• Modern stock holder
companies form
• Connect the US
(transcontinental RR0Promontory Point, Utah 1869)
WHO BUILT THE RR?
• Workers:
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Chinese
Irish
Ex-slaves
War
• Working condition: very dangerous
www.wikipedia.org
GEORGE PULLMAN
• Made sleeper cars & built a
town to house his
employees
• Builds town for employees- All
services provided (different from
NE), Tight rules for the residents,
Wanted a disciplined work force
• Revolt in 1894 (due to Panic of
1893)
www.wikipedia.com
RR CORRUPTION
• Sold extra Land to friends
• Supposed to sell to public at cheap prices
• Cost to build RR
• Lie about the cost
• Different rates
• Higher rates for farmers
• Free passes to journalists for positive press
ATTEMPTS TO STOP RR CORRUPTION
• Background Info: farmers in Midwestern states
convinced courts to regulate the RR
• As a result, Congress passed Interstate Commerce
Act 1886
• Wanted to remind states that they can’t regulate
commerce
• Created the Interstate Commerce Commission
• A group of men to oversee the RR & make sure they aren’t
corrupt
• Impact: isn’t very effective
THE WEST
WESTERN DEVELOPMENT
• Why go west?
• Gold Rush
• Exodusters- ________________________
• Ranchers/cattle herding
• Homestead Act 1862
• 160 acres for free if you farmed on the Great Plains for 5 years
• Helps populate the west
LIFE
Homes of sod brick
Extreme weather & Loneliness
Settlers Eventually turned to barb wire
New inventions
• Cyrus McCormick_____________
• John Deere__________________
• 2/3’s of the homesteaders fail
• 1890’s open OK territory- people rush
in!!
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SOD HOMES
STATEHOOD
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Nebraska 1867
South Dakota 1889
North Dakota 1889
Colorado 1876
Wyoming 1890
Montana 1889
Idaho 1890
Utah 1896
Nevada 1864
Washington 1889
POPULISM
• A movement of farmers to improve their life
• Want legislation to prevent corruption in businesses
& laws to help them
• Very popular in the __________ & ___________
• Goals:
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Increase in $ supply
Graduated income tax
Federal loan program
Election of Senators by popular vote
Presidents limited to 1 term
Secret ballot
8 Hour workday
ELECTION OF 1896
• Currency is the key issue
• Gold or silver
• Candidates:
• William Jennings Bryan (D)
• Want gold & silver
• William McKinley (R)
• Wants gold
• Winner: ________________________
• Impact: ______________________
www.coveringdelta.com
CONSEQUENCES OF
INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
C O N F L I C T W / N A T I V E S
R A I L R O A D S
L A B O R U N I O N S
I M M I G R A T I O N
HISTORY OF US CONFLICT WITH
NATIVE AMERICANS
o 1830’s Jackson assigns Indian Territory
o 1850’s- first treaties made
o By 1865- various tribes scattered throughout the
west
o farmers, hunter-gathers, livestock, crafts, fishing,
nomads
CONFLICT IN THE WEST
• As settlers move west- there’s Tension b/w settlers,
miners, US army & Natives
• Fighting occurs
• To avoid wars, the US gov’t convinces the tribes to
sign treaties relocating the tribes to smaller tracts of
land
• Mandy do relocation, but the younger generations refuse to
follow the new treaties & several wars break out on the
Great Plains
CUSTER’S LAST STAND
• 1874 Col. George A. Custer
announces there’s GOLD in
the Black Hills
• Miners rush in
• The Sioux tribe refuses to
leave the region
• Leaders: Crazy Horse & Sitting
Bull lead an attack on Custer’s
men at Little Bighorn
• Impact of event- _____________
AMERICAN REACTION TO CONFLICT
• Many Americans believe the
Natives should move to
reservations
• Others sympathized as seen
with Helen Hunt Jackson’s A
Century of Dishonor
analyzed the injustices to the
natives
• Some believed Assimilation
was the answer
• Children sent to schools to
become “Americanized”
School in Nebraska
http://www.history.uiuc.edu/fac_dir/hoxie/hox
ie/images/ReservationScenes/index.htm
DAWES ACT 1887
• Goal: break up tribes
• Given 160 acres
• Live on land for 25 yrs.= gain citizenship
• Act is failure
• Many Native Americans living in poverty & disease
• Land provided isn’t great
SIOUX WAITING FOR FOOD PINE RIDGE
RESERVATION
http://www.history.uiuc.edu/fac_dir/hoxie/hoxi
e/images/ReservationScenes/index.htm
GHOST DANCE
• Some tribes Attempts to hold onto tradition & resist the
“white” culture
• Shaman had a vision that Jesus was coming to rescue
them from the white man (evil)
• Natives would sing & dance to prepare for his arrival
• Indian Bureau of Affairs outlaws the mov’t
GHOST DANCE
2 EVENTS OF CONFLICT
• 1. The Sioux leader Sitting Bull Is killed in 1890
• 2. Dec. 28th, 1890
• 350 Sioux sent to a reservation at Wounded Knee, SD
• Army orders weapons to be turned over
• Shot fired & the Army attacks
• Over 300 Sioux are killed
• Officially ends the Indian Wars
RESPONSE
• https://voicethread.com/share/7226690/
IMMIGRATION
IMMIGRATION
• Up to 1850’s most immigrants came from western
Europe
• British
• Irish
• Germans
• By the 1890’s more from E & S Europe
• ______________________________________________________
• 1870-1920 20 million come to the US
• 2nd wave is dislike by Americans• Why? _____________________________
OTHER GROUPS
• Chinese & Japanese arrive on the West coast
• Chinese build the RR
• C & J face intense discrimination on the West
Coast
ELLIS ISLAND
• Upon arrival to the US, all immigrants were
inspected (2% denied entry)
• European Immigrants arriving on the East Coast
went through Ellis Island
• 17 million pass through
• Inspection:
• Medical tests
• Quick questions (no criminals wanted!)
ELLIS ISLAND
Nat’l
Archives
ANGEL ISLAND
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West coast version of Ellis Island
San Francisco Bay
Mostly Asians
50,000 immigrants passed through
Conditions rougher than Ellis Island
ANGEL ISLAND
LIFE FOR NEW IMMIGRANTS
• Needed to find job, housing and adjust to new
place
• Many will stay with similar cultural groups
• Churches, synagogues, clubs, societies, etc.
• Americans weary of new groups
• Believed America was a melting pot
• Upset that new immigrants don’t want to assimilate
URBANIZATION
• Urbanization- _______________________________
• What new inventions allow for this growth?
• Immigrants and Americans move to cities for
factory jobs
• Cities overcrowded and face many problems
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Crime
Fire
Lack of efficient transportation
Unsafe drinking water
Lack of sanitation
PROBLEMS
• Large masses of
Americans & immigrants
living in poverty in US
Cities
• Lived in tenements
• Typically 6-8 floors that held 24-32
families
• Roughly 4,000 people in one block
• Building had poor
ventilation, little sunshine,
privacy & were fire
hazards
• High mortality rate
THE BREAKERS
MARBLE HOUSE
ROSECLIFF
REFORM FOR CITY LIFE
• City reformers will target cities to address problems
• Eventually legislation will pass to improve standards for
housing
• Settlement house- ____________________________
• Most famous settlement house- Hull House
• Created by Jane Addams
• Chicago, Il
URBANIZATION
• Immigrants easily taken advantaged of
• Political machines- ____________________________
• Help immigrants in return for a vote
• How do they help? ______________________________
• City politicians were very corrupt
• Graft• Boss Tweed-
• Middle & upper class move out of cities & create 1st
suburbs
• Cities full of excitement- department stores, shows,
parks
LIFE IN THE SOUTHSTART HERE IN
DECEMBER
SOUTHERN LIFE
• Majority of Southerners participating in
Sharecropping the south
• Some industry with _______________________
• Rights given to African Americans during
Reconstruction disappear
• Review• 13th• 14th• 15th-
VOTING RESTRICTIONS
• White southerners want to limit the voting
opportunities for Black men
• Develop 3 restrictions to make it almost impossible
to vote
• Poll tax- ______________________
• Literacy test- _________________
• Grandfather clause- ____________
SEGREGATION
• During Reconstruction, black
codes developed to limit the
movement & freedoms of exslaves
• After Reconstruction (1877),
southern states create Jim Crow
laws to officially segregate ALL
aspects of society
www.pbs.org
IMPACT OF JIM CROW LAWS
• African Americans become second class citizens
• Receive inferior education and access to public &
private facilities
• Southern whites use terror & violence to enforce
laws
• Lynching is common
• Some African Americans move north to escape
prejudice & discrimination
• Live in segregated neighborhoods & still face problems
• Violence breaks out in some cities over competition for jobs
PLESSY V. FERGUSON
• 1896
• Homer Plessy is arrested for sitting in
a “whites only” section of a train
• He Violated segregation laws
• He believes that since he’s of mixed
descent, segregation laws violate his
rights
• Supreme Court rules “separate but
equal”
• Explain- __________________________
EDUCATION IN
AMERICA
US EDUCATION
• Prior to the Civil War, education fairly basic
• Some reforms made in the North
• During the Gilded Age, emphasis on education
occurs
• More Americans going to High School
• Business leaders want prepared workers & those
with managerial skills
• Curriculum expanded to include civics, social
studies & science
• men• Women-
EDUCATION FOR IMMIGRANTS
• School taught immigrants English and assimilated
them into American culture
• Other immigrants resented the Protestant nature of
schools especially the Catholic immigrants, so they
start their own schools
• Mostly in the North
• Wanted Catholic faith taught in schools
EDUCATION FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS
• Blacks excluded from white schools & universities
while little funding was spent on their schools
• 2 Civil Rights leaders emerge in late 1800’s
• Booker T. Washington
• Racism will end when all blacks have useful
skills (will improve their status in the South)
• Est. Tuskegee Institute- focus on agricultural,
domestic & mechanical work
EDUCATION FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS
• W.E.B. Du Bois
• Disagrees with Washington- wants liberal
arts education, so they can be leaders
• Focused on the Talented 10th____________________________
• Eventually will help form the NAACP (goal________________)