Carl Jung
(1875-1961)
“C.G. Jung has shown that psychology and
religion can not only coexist together, but they
can enhance, inspire, and perhaps even
complete each other—and in the process, help
us complete ourselves.”
“Thus, in Western society, the deification
of reason, of industrialization and
technology together with the
intellectualization of religion, has
progressively alienated modern man from
his inner world and from his feeling
function….Cultures, no less than
individuals, can lack wholeness and
completeness.”
“Freud, for all his brilliance, shrunk us until
we were little more than hormones with
high IQs. Jung, for all his flaws, gave us
back our souls.”
Jung vs. Freud
• In groups, compare Jung and Freud’s
views on:
– The unconscious
– Dreams
– Psychoanalysis
Jung is a Neo-Freudian
• Was a close friend and follower of Freud
• Split over Freud’s sexualization of the
psyche
– Jung’s libido was psychic, not sexual, energy
The Mind According to Jung
• Conscious: thoughts, feelings and
experiences
– Similar to Freud
• ego: "gate" or "bridge" between conscious
and unconscious
The Mind According to Jung
• Personal unconscious: repressed or
forgotten personal memories or
experiences
– "I experiences”
– The contents are called “complexes”
The Mind According to Jung
• Collective unconscious: deeper stratum of the
unconscious which contains inherited,
collective experiences of the species
– Manifested as archetypes
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organizing structures of the collective unconscious
Mentally expressed instincts of the past
Primitive and mythological
Expressed in myth, ritual, religion, customs, and
dreams
• For Jung, the unconscious is creative and
independent
• For Freud, it just contained repressed
thoughts and feelings
Archetypes
• Can be characters, themes, settings
• We organize perception through these
• Accounts for the universal parallels between
elements of ancient mythology and the
projections not only of Jung's patients, but of all
of our projections and perceptions as well
• Provide patterns for dreams, fantasies and
imagination
• We project these in art, writing, dreams and
possibly neuroses
How Collective Are We?
Jung’s Archetypes
Jungian Psychoanalysis
• Individuation: continuous goal of
achieving balance (balancing opposites, or
dualism), psychic wholeness and "selfrealization"
• Additional archetypes and roles in
individuation
– persona: one's "public personality" or "mask",
one's social roles
– shadow: one's "dark side", parts of ourselves
that we dislike
– self: central archetype of personality, represents
wholeness
– anima: female archetypes, or "feminine side"
projected by a man
– animus: male archetypes, or "male side"
projected by a woman
Jungian Methodology
• Dream analysis
– Freud: Dreams are wish fulfillments
– Jung: Dreams are gateways to a mythic world
• Word Association
– Similar to a modern lie-detector test
• Painting
Do you doodle?
• Mandala: symmetrical designs based on
the circle and the square, a symbol of
psychic wholeness.
• [mandalas] ... are all based on the squaring of a circle. Their
basic motif is the premonition of a centre of personality, a kind
of central point within the psyche, to which everything is related,
by which everything is arranged, and which is itself a source of
energy. The energy of the central point is manifested in the
almost irresistible compulsion and urge to become what one is,
just as every organism is driven to assume the form that is
characteristic of its nature, no matter what the circumstances.
This centre is not felt or thought of as the ego but, if one may so
express it, as the self. Although the centre is represented by an
innermost point, it is surrounded by a periphery containing
everything that belongs to the self -- the paired opposites that
make up the total personality. This totality comprises
consciousness first of all, then the personal unconscious, and
finally an indefinitely large segment of the collective
unconscious whose archetypes are common to all mankind.
- from Concerning Mandala Symbolism. C. G. Jung (p. 73)
Jungian Explanations of Personality
• Attitudes: conscious attitudes toward
social and physical reality
– introvert: turned inward - reflective nature,
keeps to oneself
– extrovert: turned outward - outgoing, candid
nature
• Explained differences between people
– i.e., Jung’s split with Freud
• Jung's four functions of the psyche
– thinking: what it means
– feeling: what its value is
– sensing: establish that it exists
– intuition: surmises about it, "a sixth sense"
The Myers-Briggs Test
(Jung-Type Indicator)