DBA: Security and Backups
Guide to Oracle 10g
Advanced Databases
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Agenda
• Understand the need for security.
• Learn about System Permissions
and Object permissions.
• Understand the purpose of Roles.
• Explore Security-focused SQL.
• Explain backup and restore options.
Advanced Databases
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Overview of Database Administration
• Information technology (IT) department
– Database Administrator (DBA)
– Manages database
– Roles:
• Service
• Production
Guide to Oracle 10g
Advanced Databases
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Installing an Oracle 10g Database
• Oracle 10g DBMS editions:
– Enterprise
– Standard
– Personal
Guide to Oracle 10g
Advanced Databases
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Oracle 10g Folder Structure
• Default directory structure
– C:\oracle\product\10.1.0
• Oracle Home
– Located beneath C:\Oracle_Base
– Contains subdirectories for Oracle software
executables and network files
– Must be unique for each product
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Advanced Databases
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Database Server System
Requirements
• Online documentation provided on product
CD contains exact system requirements
• Server workstation should have:
– At least 200MHz processor
– At least 256 MB of main memory
– Virtual memory size should be double amount
of RAM
– 100 MB of temporary disk space
Guide to Oracle 10g
– 256 video adapter
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Database Server System
Requirements (continued)
• Server workstation should have:
– NTFS (NT File System)
– Hard disk requirements:
• 32 MB required
Guide to Oracle 10g
Advanced Databases
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Windows Operating Systems on
Which You Can Install the Oracle 10g
DBMS
Guide to Oracle 10g
Advanced Databases
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Hard Disk Space Requirements for
NTFS
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Oracle 10g Universal Installer
• Java-based graphical user interface (GUI)
tool
• Install and remove Oracle software
• Automatically installs Oracle version of Java
Runtime Environment (JRE)
• Pages for Oracle Database 10g installation:
– Specify File Locations
– Select Installation Type
Guide to Oracle 10g
– Select Database Configuration
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Oracle 10g Universal Installer
(continued)
• Pages for Oracle Database 10g installation:
– Specify Database Configuration Options
– Select Database Management Option
– Specify Database File Storage Option
– Specify Backup and Recovery Options
– Specify Database Schema Passwords
– Summary
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Advanced Databases
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Select Database Configuration Page
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Oracle 10g Universal Installer
(continued)
•
•
•
•
•
Global database name
Database system identifier (SID)
IP address
Domain name
Tools that Universal Installer automatically
installs:
– Oracle Net Configuration Assistant
Guide to Oracle 10g
– Oracle Database Configuration Assistant
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Configuration Tools Page
Guide to Oracle 10g
Advanced Databases
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Configuring Client Applications to
Connect to an Oracle 10g Database
• Configure connect strings for client
applications
– Local naming
– Oracle Internet Directory
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Advanced Databases
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Local Naming
• tnsnames.ora
– File stores connect string and database
connection information
– On client workstation in
Oracle_Home\network\admin
• Connect descriptor
• Port
• Service nameGuide to Oracle 10g
Advanced Databases
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Oracle 10g TCP/IP Connect Descriptor
Structure
Guide to Oracle 10g
Advanced Databases
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Oracle Internet Directory
• Stores connect descriptor and service name
information on directory server
• Oracle Internet Directory (OID) server
– Uses Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
(LDAP)
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Advanced Databases
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Sample LDAP Directory Server Entries
Guide to Oracle 10g
Advanced Databases
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Using OID to Create a Database
Connection
Guide to Oracle 10g
Advanced Databases
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Removing an Oracle 10g Database
• Installation process automatically writes
configuration information into system
registry
• Use Universal Installer to remove Oracle 10g
applications
– Does not remove all application files
– Or all application configuration information from
system registry
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Advanced Databases
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Using Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g
to Perform Database Administration
Tasks
• User account must have DBA role
• Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM)
– Three-tier architecture
– Console
• Oracle Management Server (OMS)
– Interacts with repository
– Makes it easier for DBAs to administer multiple
Guide to Oracle 10g
databases in organization’s network
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Oracle Enterprise Manager
Architecture
Guide to Oracle 10g
Advanced Databases
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Using Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g
to Perform Database Administration
Tasks (continued)
• OEM deployment options:
– Centrally
– Locally
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Advanced Databases
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Oracle Enterprise Manager Database
Control Home Page
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Overview of the OEM Console
• Provides graphical, Web-based environment
– Enables DBAs to perform database
administration support role tasks for any
database server
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Advanced Databases
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Managing Navigation in the OEM
• Property page links:
– Home
– Performance
– Administration
– Maintenance
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OEM Performance Property Page
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Connecting to a Database and
Performing DBA Tasks
• DBA must explicitly connect to OEM
– By specifying:
• Username
• Password
• Connect role
• Connect role:
– Normal
– SYSOPER
– SYSDBA
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Advanced Databases
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Managing Oracle 10g Data Storage
• Oracle 10g database stores and manages
data
– Using variety of data structures
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Oracle 10g Data Structures
• Tablespace
– Datafile
• Segment
– Partitioned
• Extent
• Data block
– Database storage data block
Guide to Oracle 10g
– Operating system blocks
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Oracle 10g Data Structures
(continued)
Guide to Oracle 10g
Advanced Databases
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Non-Partitioned and Partitioned
Database Tables and Associated
Segments
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Advanced Databases
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Data Block Components
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Managing Oracle 10g Data Structures
• Create tablespace
• Manage datafile extents
– Autoextensible tablespace
• Configure tablespace and datafile properties
Guide to Oracle 10g
Advanced Databases
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The Oracle 10g Database File
Architecture
• Oracle 10g database files:
– Parameter file
– Control files
– Datafiles
– Redo log files
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Advanced Databases
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Oracle 10g Database File Architecture
Guide to Oracle 10g
Advanced Databases
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Parameter File
• Text file
• Specifies configuration information about
Oracle 10g database instance
• init.ora
– Stored in Oracle_Base\admin\SID\pfile folder
• DBAs can edit parameter file
– Modify database configuration
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Advanced Databases
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Control Files
• Store information about database structure
and state
• Stored in Oracle_Base\oradata\SID
• Three separate control files by default:
– CONTROL01.CTL
– CONTROL02.CTL
– CONTROL03.CTL
– Contain same data
Guide to Oracle 10g
– At least one must be present
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Datafiles
•
•
•
•
.dbf extensions
Store tablespace contents
Stored in Oracle_Base\oradata\SID
Use OEM to view and modify
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Redo Log Files
• Records information to undo action query
changes
• .log extension
• Stored in Oracle_Base\ORADATA\SID
• Pre-image
• Rollback segment
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Redo Log Files (continued)
• Redo log group
– Member
• Log switch
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Lesson A Summary
• Database administrator (DBA)
– Responsible for performing database
administration tasks in organizations
• Database server contains folder called Oracle
Base
• Series of Universal Installer pages guides user
through installation process
Guide Manager
to Oracle 10g10g (OEM)
• Oracle Enterprise
administration utility
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Lesson A Summary (continued)
• Database structural components:
– Tablespace
– Segment
– Extent
– Datafile
– Data block
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Advanced Databases
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Lesson A Summary (continued)
• Database files:
– Parameter
– Control
– Datafile
– Log
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Advanced Databases
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Lesson B Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be
able to:
• Create and manage user accounts
• Understand an Oracle 10g database
instance’s memory areas and background
processes
• Start and shut down the database
Guide to Oracle 10g
• Understand Oracle 10g database backup and
recovery
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Creating and Managing User
Accounts
• Create new user account
– General information about user account
– System privileges user has in database
– User’s tablespace quota on database server
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Advanced Databases
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Specifying General User
Information
• Use OEM
– General page:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Name
Profile
Authentication
Default tablespace
Temporary tablespace
Status
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Specifying System Privileges
• System privilege
• Object privilege
• Enable new user to interact with Oracle 10g
database
– DBA grants system privileges
– Use System Privileges page in Create User page
• Admin Option
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Advanced Databases
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Tablespace Quotas
• Specifies amount of disk space that user’s
database objects can occupy in default
tablespace
• Must be assigned
• Quota Size value:
– None, default
– Unlimited
Guide to Oracle 10g
– Value
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Editing Existing User Accounts
• Use OEM
– Select user account to be modified on Users
page
– General page opens
– Select other links to modify properties
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Roles
•
•
•
•
Database object
Represents collection of system privileges
Assign to multiple users
Create role
– Can inherit privileges from other roles
• Grant Role to User Account
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Advanced Databases
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Components of an Oracle 10g
Database Instance
• Connection
– Link between client process and database
instance
– Creates user session
• OEM General page for database instance
– Provides information about database instance
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Advanced Databases
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Oracle 10g Server Main Memory
Structures
• System Global Area
– Memory area all database connections use
– Made up of five primary memory areas
• Program Global Area (PGA)
– Memory area stores information for specific user
connection
– Two memory areas:
• Session information
Guide to Oracle 10g
• Stack space
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Primary Memory Areas Within the
System Global Area
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Oracle 10g Background Processes
• Set of background processes
– Service user requests
– DBA does not control directly
• Processes:
– Database Writer (DBWn)
– Log Writer (LGWR)
– System Monitor (SMON)
Guide(PMON)
to Oracle 10g
– Process monitor
– Checkpoint (CKPT)
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Starting and Shutting Down the
Database
• Shut down database periodically
– Perform maintenance
• Restart database
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Creating an Administrative
Connection
• Shutting down database makes database
unavailable for user connections
• DBA must log onto database using
administrative connection
• SYS user account
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Advanced Databases
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Tasks That SYSDBA and SYSOPER
Users Can Perform
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Startup and Shutdown States
• Start Oracle 10g database instance
– Pass through four states:
•
•
•
•
SHUTDOWN
NOMOUNT
MOUNTED
OPEN
• Shut down Oracle 10g database instance
– Pass through states in reverse order
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Oracle 10g Database Instance
States
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Shutdown Options
• Specify one of four ways to handle existing
user connections:
– Normal
– Transactional
– Immediate
– Abort
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Advanced Databases
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Startup Modes
• Start in one of two modes:
– Unrestricted
– Restricted
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Advanced Databases
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Using OEM to Shut Down and
Start a Database Instance
• DBA shuts down database instance using
Normal, Transactional, or Immediate
shutdown option
– Shutdown process performs five following tasks:
•
•
•
•
•
Writes contents of data buffer cache to datafiles
Writes contents of redo log buffer to redo log files
Closes all files
Stops all background processes
Oracle 10g
DeallocatesGuide
SGA intoserver’s
main memory
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Database Backup and Recovery
• Important database administration support
tasks include:
– Backup
• Offline/cold
• Online/hot
– Recovery
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Advanced Databases
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Creating Offline (Cold) Backups
• Shut down database instance
• Copy specific database files to alternate disk
location
– Parameter file
– Control files
– Datafiles
– Not redo logs
Guideinstance
to Oracle 10g
• Restart database
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Creating Online (Hot) Backups
• Create hot backup
– Place database instance in ARCHIVELOG mode
– Back up control file
– Back up datafiles
– Instruct database to write current contents of
redo log files to archive files
• Create backup copies of archive log files
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Advanced Databases
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Database Recovery
• Process of restoring database from either
cold or hot backup files
• Necessary after database failure
• Cold backup recovery:
– Shut down database
– Restore backed up control file and datafiles to
database server
– Restart database
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Advanced Databases
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Database Recovery (continued)
• Hot backup recovery:
– Recover database to point at which last hot
backup created
– Use control trace file to generate new copy of
control file
– Restore backup copies of datafiles
– Perform media recovery
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Advanced Databases
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Backup Strategies
• Cold backups
– Simplest to perform
– Satisfactory for databases whose:
• Contents do not change very much
• Users can tolerate downtime while DBA creates
cold backup files
• Hot backups
– Complex to perform
Guide to Oracle 10g
– Better suited for dynamic, mission-critical
databases
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Lesson B Summary
• Create user account
• Roles
– Manage system privileges
• Memory areas
– System Global Area (SGA)
– Program Global Area (PGA)
• Background processes
Guide to Oracle 10g
• Backup and recovery
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