American CIVIL WAR
The Battle for the
Blue & the Gray
1861-1865
(The War between the States)
More lives lost in Civil War than in World War I, World
War II, Korea and Vietnam!
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North
South
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Background Information
1st Modern War in America
Reasons:
• Armies were organized and trained for battle.
• Strategies / tactics used to defeat each other.
• Artillery / Weaponry improves during the war.
Submarine, Rifle, Gattling Gun, etc..,..
• Communities/Towns/States organized
regiments to fight for the cause.
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Long Range causes
• Money - Industrial North vs Agricultural South
• States Rights - South felt that they had certain rights
to run their state government w/o interference
• Expansion - South wants to push slavery into West.
• Lifestyle – Northerners = City life / Southerners
Plantation lifestyle
• Secession - Southerners felt that they should leave
Union to get what they want!
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Immediate Causes of the War: SLAVERY!
Talmadge Amendment (1819) – Congressional attempt to
prohibit any more slaves in Missouri.
•
Defeated by US Senate.
•
11 free state /11 slave
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
•
Congressional Proposal twice passed through the House but was
defeated in Senate.
–
–
•
North (anti slavery) control House
South (fire eaters) balance equal in Senate!
Polk never took sides in the debate and when he left office in
1849 country was divided over the issue of slavery!
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Draw line across country. All
states north of line are free,
south of line are Slave.
Congress admits MS as a slave
SLAVE state, and MAINE as a
free state.
This establishes a precedent.
Admit 1 free for 1 slave state.
Missouri Compromise of 1820
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• 1848:Mexican War USA
gets territory of Texas.
• Jan. 24, 1848 – Gold
discovered at Sutter’s Mill
• 1849: California petitions
for statehood.
• Congress now has to
determine again if each will
come in as Free or Slave.
• California straddles the
line!
Growth & Expansion
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Debate Over California
1. 15 Slave and 15 Free States exist!
2. President: Zachary Taylor (had already warned
Southerners he would hunt them down and kill them as deserters if
they try to leave Union)
3. If CA is admitted, there are no Slave states
to balance up the sides!
4. Unhappy trio – Clay, Calhoun & Webster
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
One more time on the floor of the Senate.
Debate the merits of the Compromise.
Clay – 73 years old, tired and feeble.
Calhoun – 68, dieing of TB, can’t speak
Webster – 68, liver ailment, last speech
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Positions of Each man
• Henry Clay – North & South should both make concessions.
(Motion supported by Stephen Douglas)
• John C. Calhoun – Leave slavery alone, return runaway
slaves, and restore political balance. (Secretly had a
proposal to elect two Presidents (1 southern/1northern)
• Daniel Webster - Urged support of Clay’s Plan. He claimed
Mexican territories were not the issue. (God had made the
land unsuitable for plantation economy) People should
support compromise, concessions and reasonableness!
– Called 7th of March Speech – 100, 000 copies printed in 1850
alone!
• William Seward – Said that there was a “higher law” than that
of the Constitution. Probably cost him election of 1860!
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Compromise of 1850
• Plan to bring CA in as a state, balance the
number of Free/Slave states and provide stiff
punishment for escaped slaves in AMERICA.
• Henry Clay of Kentucky: Four Parts
1.) Admit CA=Free state
2.) Create UTAH & New Mexico territory
3.) End slave sales (not slavery) in District of
Columbia
4.) Congress passes Federal Fugitive Slave
Law (More strict than 1793 Law)
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Backlash over the Compromise
1. Congressional balance permanently tipped
to North.
2. NM/UT would be free as well. (too many
FREE SOILERS there!
3. Fugitive Slave Law was viewed by
Abolitionists as too harsh.
1. No testimony at trial/hearing.
2. Instant return to Slavery.
4. Sets up 1850’s as decade of Violence!
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Harriet
Beecher
Stowe
1811 - 1896
So this is the lady who
started the Civil War.
-- Abraham Lincoln
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1852
 Sold 300,000 copies in
the first year.
 2 million in a decade!
Kansas/Nebraska Act 1854
•
Proposed by Stephen
Douglas.
–
–
Why?
Answer: It would put
Transcontinental RR through
his state (IL) $$$$
Provisions:
1. KS & NEB want to enter
union!
2. KS is north of 36’30 line for
slavery.
3. Nebraska would be a free
state!
4. Stephen Douglas calls for
Kansas to be a SLAVE
STATE!
•
Creates Chaos!
Helps to create the Republican
Party!
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Kansas is a battleground!
• Populated by 1,000’s of “Free Soilers”
– Purpose is to move to KS and make sure it
comes in as a FREE STATE!
• May 21, 1856 -Tension comes to a boiling
point! Violence sweeps across state.
– Newspaper offices, homes & businesses are
looted!
• John Brown-an anti slavery crusader
decides to handle things “his own self”
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Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
“Bleeding Kansas”
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery
Missourians)
John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
Raid at Pottawatomie May 21, 1856
• John Brown raided a pro
slavery settlement near
river.
• He and his men dragged
five men from their beds
and executed them with
swords/knives in front of
their families!
• Brown and others
believed it was God’s
work to stop the spread
of slavery!
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Beating of Charles Sumner
(May 22, 1856)
AKA “Bleeding Sumner”
A New
England
Senator
who had publicly
criticized
•IF• THIS
CAN
HAPPEN
IN WASHINGTON,
DC…THE
Senator
Butler
of SC
the “Crime against
SOUTH
IS A Andrew
DANGER
TO ALL
OFfor
US!
Kansas”.
•NORTHERN
PAPERS
AS AN
ATTACK
• His speech
implied DENOUNCED
that Butler sleptITwith
slavery
as if
ON THE
PRINCIPALS
OF
DECENCY!
she were
a “Whore”
without
a name.
• Butler’s nephew
Preston
Brooks
decided
to defend his
•SOUTHERNERS
SENT
POST
CARDS
TO THE
uncles honor on the floor of the Senate chamber.
SENATE THAT SAID “HIT HIM AGAIN”
• Brooks beats Sumner with a cane in front of 30 other
•BUTLER
RESIGNED
HIS
THEdoSENATE
people,
mostly from
theSEAT
SouthINwho
nothing ONLY
to stop
it! UNANIMOUSLY REELECTED BY THE PEOPLE
TO BE
OF• SOUTH
CAROLINA!
Northerners
are frightened by this incident!
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“The Crime Against Kansas”
Sen. Charles Sumner
(R-MA)
Preston Brooks
(D-SC)
Election of 1856
• James Buchanan wins election over John C.
Fremont.
• Popular Vote: 1,832,955 to 1,339,932
• Electoral College 174 to 114.
• First real election for the Republican Party.
• Smear Campaign:
– Buchanan was a bachelor! Fiancee had died after
a lover’s quarrel.
– Fremont – He was illegitimate. Mother was a
southerner.
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Dred Scott Case 1857
President Buchanan
pushesArgument:
Supreme Court to make clearer
Scott’s
•ruling.
Supreme Court Case
definition
of
•Citizenship is not defined by race in Constitution
• A slave (Dred Scott)
6, 1857
•He lives in a FREEMarch
STATE,
therefore
is FREE!
had beenhebrought
to
a free state by his
February
15,owner.
1857
• Citizenship
is defined
by race!
• not
Owner
Scott
“Dred Scott
is still
a slave,
appeal
denied”
•Slaves
are Property
people!died,
went to court to
1857
prove
he was now a
•SlavesMarch
can be taken
anywhere!
free man.
James
Buchanan
becomes
President
RULING
CREATES CHAOS
IN AMERICA!
• Case
went to
Supreme Court.
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Stephen Douglas & the
Freeport Doctrine
•The Freeport Doctrine was articulated by Stephen A. Douglas at the
Popular
second of the Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27,
1858, in Freeport,
Illinois.
Sovereignty?
•Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between the principle of popular
sovereignty proposed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the United States
Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sandford.
•Instead of making a direct choice, Douglas's response stated that despite the
court's ruling, slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of
the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery.
LeCompton Constitution 1857
• Kansas vote for statehood.
• Free Soilers dominate population.
• Citizens can only vote for constitution
with slavery or without, no other
choice presented!
– Provision Included that if slavery
was abolished in KS, people who
owned slaves prior to 1857, would
be allowed to keep them! (A
Grandfather clause)
• State Constitution passed with
Slavery in 1857!
• IMPACT: POPULAR SOVERIEGNTY
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Lincoln vs Douglas
• Both had competed with the
other for years.
• Both are from Springfield, IL.
• Both served in State Legislature
as well as H of R
• Both competed for affections of
Mary Todd. (She chose Abe!)
• Both ran for Senate seat from
Illinois in 1858.
(Senators were chosen by State
Legislatures until 1913)
• Lincoln felt like he was awkward,
homely and somewhat out of
place in the debates!
• Douglas viewed the debates as a
stepping stone to the
Presidency!
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• 1858- Seven debates took
place between Douglas and
Lincoln over Slavery.
• Related to Senate race for
Illinois. 1857-58
• Both supported idea of inferior
position for blacks!
• Lincoln loses election!
• Positive Effects:
– Lincoln becomes well known
national figure!
– Douglass is exposed for being
“two faced”. Democrats did not
want him to represent the party!
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“A house divided”
A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe
this government cannot endure permanently half slave
and half free. I do not expect the Union to be
dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do
expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one
thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery
will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where
the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the
course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push
it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the
States, old as well as new—North as well as South.
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Raid at Harper’s Ferry
• John Brown & 18 men
raid Federal Arsenal
there!
• October 1859- Brown is
caught by Robert E. Lee!
• Yes that Robert E. Lee!!!
• Tried and convicted of
treason against Virginia!
• Executed by hanging!
• Becomes a martyr for
North, & symbol of all
that’s bad for the South!
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John Brown’s Raid
on Harper’s Ferry, 1859
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ELECTION OF 1860
Lincoln: The Choice for President!
Reasons for support:
1. Free Soilers: non-extension of slavery
2. Manufacturers: A Protective Tariff
3. Immigrants: No abridgement of rights
4. Northwest: A Pacific Railroad
5. West: Internal Improvements at
Federal Expense!
6. Farmers: Free Homesteads (Land)
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√ Abraham Lincoln
Republican
Stephen A. Douglas
Northern Democrat
1860
Presidential
Election
John Bell
Constitutional Union
John C. Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
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1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
1860
Election
Results
ELECTION OF 1860
Popular
Results:Douglas
Abe Lincoln
vs Vote
Stephen
• South says that if Lincoln is elected,
LINCOLN 40%
they will leave the Union!
DOUGLAS
29%
• November
1860-Lincoln
wins
Presidency with not one single vote
BRECKENRIDGE
18%
from the South!
• February 1861=BELL
Confederate
States of
13%
America formed!
LINCOLN
GETS
180
of
303
EC
Votes!
• The Civil
War
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WAR is On!
Crittenden Compromise:
A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity
• An unsuccessful proposal by
Kentucky Senator John J.
Crittenden to resolve the U.S.
secession crisis of 1860–1861 by
addressing the concerns of the
Lower South .
• It proposed reestablishment of
the ’36 30° line!
• Both the House of
Representatives and the Senate
rejected it in 1861.
• Could not be repealed or
amended if adopted!
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Secession!:
SC Dec. 20, 1860
Confederate States of America
• Nov. 1860 – Mar. 1861
– LAME DUCK BUCHANAN
failed to stop Secession!
– AL, MS, TX, GA, FL, LA
• Created in February, 1861.
• Jefferson Davis is chosen as
President and elected to a 6 year
Term!
• Went about the business of
forming Confederate Treasury,
War, Commerce Departments.
• Varina Hopewell Davis -1st Lady
of the Confederacy.
– Father: Zachary Taylor (12th
President)
– Varina – named for her!
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