Intelligence & Thinking
Christina Moorman
Intelligence
•
Intelligence is from the
A. Greek word inteleca
B. Latin word intellectus
C. French word integente
D. Pig-Latin word ellencgenceintay
Intelligence
B. Latin word intellectus
Galton
• Concluded that intellectual abilities
were heritable
• Developed models for the statistical
tests that we use today
• Developed logic of twin/adoptive
parent studies
Galton
• Was the cousin of…
A. Piaget
B. Socrates
C. Darwin
D. Binet
Galton
C. Darwin
Intelligence
• Modern Definition :
A person’s ability to
•Learn and Remember information
•Recognize concepts and their relations
•Apply the information to their own behavior
in an adaptive way
3 Major Approaches to Studying
Intelligence
A.
Investigates the types of
skills people use to think
and solve various types of
problems
B.
Devise tests that identify
and measure individual
differences in people’s
abilities to solve problems
1. Differential approach
2.
Developmental approach
3.
Information-processing
approach
C. Studies the ways in which
infants learn to perceive,
manipulate & think about
the world
Intelligence
1. Differential
approach
B. Devise tests that
identify and measure
individual differences
in people’s abilities to
solve problems
• Especially used in
the classroom
Intelligence
2. Developmental
approach
C. Studies the ways in
which infants learn to
perceive, manipulate &
think about the world
•
Piaget
Intelligence
3. Informationprocessing
approach
A. Investigates the types of
skills people use to
think and solve various
types of problems
• Cognitive psychology
Intelligence
Is Intelligence a global trait, or is it a
composite of separate, independent
abilities??
•Like “athletic ability”
Intelligence
3 Theories of Intelligence
1. Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory
2. Information-Processing Theory
3. Neuropsychological Theory
Spearman’s
Two-Factor Theory
• Intellectual ability is determined by 2
factors :
g factor & s factor
B. t factor & f factor
A.
s factor & t factor
D. f factor & g factor
C.
Spearman’s
Two-Factor Theory
A. g factor & s factor
g factor
• general factor
• common to all intellectual tasks
• analogies: LAWYER:CLIENT::DOCTOR:
g factor
Made up of :
· apprehension of experience – perceiving &
understanding what just happened
· eduction (figuring out) of relations – perceiving
the relationship between things
· eduction of correlates – apply a rule learned from
one case to another
LAWYER:CLIENT::DOCTOR:
s factor
• factor specific to a particular test
Information-Processing
Theory
• Sternberg
•Triarchic theory
Triarchic theory
1. Componential intelligence
–
–
–
Metacomponent
Performance components
Knowledge acquisition components
2. Experiential intelligence
3. Contextual intelligence
Triarchic theory
2. Experiential
A. Ability to deal
effectively with new
situations and
automatically solve
old problems
3. Contextual
B. Mental mechanisms
people use to plan and
execute tasks
1. Componential
C. Intelligence reflecting
learned behaviors
Triarchic theory
B.
1. Componential
A.
2. Experiential
C.
3. Contextual
Factor Analysis
• Spearman &
Pearson
• identify common factors that are being
examined among groups of tests
• Factors: abilities that affect performance
on more than 1 test
Factor Analysis
• Thurstone
• found 7 factors
•contradicted Spearman?
Factor Analysis
• Eysenck
•Second-order factor
could be g
Factor Analysis
• Cattell
• Found 2 second-order factors
1. Fluid intelligence
2. Crystal intelligence
Neuropsychological
Theory
• Gardner
• based on a neurological analysis of
human abilities
Neuropsychological
Theory
• Falls into 7 categories :
– linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial,
bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal
– All are well represented in the brain
• Advantages
Intelligence
We clearly cannot measure the intellectual
ability of people in other cultures against
our own standards!
Intelligence Testing
• Controversial topic
• It an accepted means of
evaluation degree of mental
retardation
Intelligence Testing
• Binet
• sensory tests alone cannot
determine intelligence
• Mental Age (MA)
• Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
 MA/CA * 100
Intelligence Testing
• Binet’s test is now called :
A. Binet-Simon Scale
B. Binet Intelligence Questionaire
C. Binet Scale of Intelligence
D. Stanford-Binet Scale
Intelligence Testing
D. Stanford-Binet Scale
• Tasks grouped according to MA
Intelligence Testing
• Wechsler
•WAIS stands for :
A. Wechsler Animal Intelligence Scale
B. Wechsler Animated Interest Survey
C. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
D. We’re All Insane Sometimes
Intelligence Testing
C. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
• Armed Forces
• Tests verbal & performance abilities
separately
- Identify brain damage
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
• Revised versions
Intelligence Testing
• Possible problems
Intelligence:
Nature vs. Nurture
• Nature
– Heritability
• Nurture
- Newborns do not possess
substantial intellectual ability
- Drugs
- Genetics
- Educational influences
Intelligence:
Nature vs. Nurture
• 50/50 of variability
• Race
Thinking
• Categorizing, reasoning,
solving problems
• Hidden
• Language , shapes & images
• Unconscious
Thinking
• Three important elements
1. Classifying
2. Logical reasoning
3. Problem solving
Classifying
• Concepts are :
A. Categories of objects, actions or states
of being that share some attributes
B. Concrete memories formed from ideas
C. Thoughts that can be verbalized
D. Gathering at which lots of loud
music is played
Classifying
A. Categories of objects, actions or states of
being that share some attributes
• Generalization!
• Natural concepts &
Formal concepts
Classifying
• Natural concepts
- Categorization based on our own
perceptions & interactions
• Exemplars - collections of memories of
particular things that share similar
characteristics
Classifying
• 3 Types of Natural Concepts
1. Basic-level concepts
• Distinctions between categories
Classifying
•3 Types of Natural Concepts
2. Superordinate concepts
• Collections of basic concepts
Classifying
• 3 Types of Natural Concepts
3. Subordinate concepts
• Specific types of concepts
Logical reasoning
• Deductive
• Inductive
A. Inferring general
principals or rules
from specific facts
B. Inferring specific
instances from
general principals or
rules
C. To purchase on sale
Logical reasoning
• Deductive
B. inferring specific
instances from
general principals
or rules
• Syllogisms
• Inductive
A. inferring general
principals or rules
from specific facts
• Logical errors
Problem solving
• Problem solving is :
A. Finding a path to the solution
B. Ultimate function of thinking
C. Algorithms & Heuristics
D. All of the above
Problem solving
D. All of the above
• Finding a path to the solution
• Ultimate function of thinking
• Algorithms
• Heuristics
Problem solving
Intelligent problem solving involves more
than trying out various actions to see
whether they bring one closer to the
solution; it involves PLANNING!
Planning = trying it out in our heads.
Questions?
The End