Envirothon
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FFA Forestry CDE
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American beech***
American sycamore**
Bald cypress***
Bitternut hickory***
Black cherry**
Elm*
Black locust**
Black oak
Black walnut***
Ponderosa pine*
Blackgum**
Cottonwood*
Alder*
Devil’s walking stick**
Douglas fir*
Flowering dogwood**
River Birch***
Green ash***
Aspen*
Grey birch*
Lodgepole pine*
Mockernut hickory***
Eastern hemlock*
Northern Red oak***
Sassafras**
Norway maple*
Longleaf pine*
Sugar Maple
Trees You Should Know
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Norway spruce*
Pecan*
Catalpa
Persimmon**
American White birch*
Pignut hickory***
Pin oak
Atlantic white cedar***
Pitch pine
Red maple***
Virginia pine**
Scarlet oak**
Eastern red cedar***
Shagbark hickory**
Shortleaf pine*
Silver maple***
Loblolly pine***
Southern red oak*
Sweetbay Magnolia**
Sweetgum***
Red pine*
Water oak**
White oak***
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American Holly**
White pine***
Willow oak**
Eastern red cedar***
Yellow-poplar***
Common names are given to all plants and are
for the everyday person to use, they are easy to
pronounce and are usually descriptive. BUT:
• trying to communicate with someone from a
different region or country can be difficult.
• sometimes the same plant has many
different common names
• different plants may have the same common
name
• some plants are so rare that no common
name is given.
The Father of Botany
• Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
– was the first to consistently use a system of
binomial nomenclature which literally means
two names.
– Scientific names of plants consist of a generic
name and a specific epithet, in Latin either
underlined or in italics.
Carl Linnaeus
(1707-1778)
• also known as:
Carl von Linné
• Carolus Linnaeus
• Known as the Father of
Taxonomy
• Taxonomy – systematic
classification of plants
• Devised a method of
hierarchical classification
• binomial nomenclature
• Named approx. 250,000
plant species
Linnean herbarium (S-LINN)
Department of Phanerogamic Botany
Swedish Museum of Natural History
(S)
• We live on a planet called Earth. Biologists
call the Earth and its atmosphere -- the
Biosphere.
• The Biosphere is composed of organic and
inorganic matter
• Organic matter (stuff containing carbon) is
again divided into living and non-living
objects
• All living beings are currently divided into
five Kingdoms
Kingdoms of All Living Beings:
• Plantae - the plant kingdom, studied in the field of
Botany
• Fungi - the kingdom of fungus and molds, studied as
Mycology
• Animalia - the animal kingdom, the domain of
Zoology
• Protoctista - a catch-all for all other "higher-order"
organisms from single-celled microbes to large
seaweeds (algae)
• Monera - consists of bacteria -- small-celled
microorganisms without true cell nuclei
Plantae: The Plant Kingdom
• Plants nourish our bodies and souls
• Plants provide the oxygen we breathe and the food
that sustains us
• Plants provide shade over our heads and cool carpets
under our feet
• Surround us with beautiful colors and marking the
change of seasons
• Prominent plants determine ecological
communities such as "Redwood-Tanoak
Forest" or "Oak Grassland" and dictate the
animals, fungi found there, and climate as well.
Plant Classification
• Plants are classified into 12 phyla or divisions based
largely on reproductive characteristics;
• they are classified by tissue structure into nonvascular (mosses), and vascular plants (all others)
• by "seed" structure into those that reproduce
through naked seeds, covered seeds, or spores ;
• by stature divided into mosses, ferns, shrubs and
vines, trees, and herbs.
• All of these higher-level groupings are decidedly
lopsided: the vast majority of the 270,000 plant
species are flowering herbs.
TAXONOMIC
CLASSIFICATION
King David Came Over For Good Spaghetti
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Use of Scientific Names
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Smallest two categories in the classification system
Binomial nomenclature
Latin and Greek languages (no longer spoken, does not change)
Common names confusing and inconsistent
Universal recognition, one name per plant species
Professional horticulturalists need to know both names
Written in italics or underlined
Examples:
Acer rubrum
Acer plantanoides
Acer saccharinum Acer palmatum
Acer saccharum
Acer ginnala
• Credit is given to the founder:
Betula nigra L.
• Variety vs. cultivar – intentional or unintentional genetic variation
• Ex: A. rubrum ‘Red Sunset’ or A. rubrum cv. Red Sunset
Delaware has over 60 species of
trees!
• It is hard to know every tree in the forest so
taxonomists have constructed dichotomous
keys to help identify them.
The Key to Knowledge
• A tool used to identify a specific object by using two
comparative questions
• Dichotomous Keys consist of a series of two-way
choices along the route from the unknown to the
known.
• At each fork in the road the user is asked a pair of
questions. Each question is designed to divide a set
of species into smaller groups until there is only one
left.
Tree Keys
• Keying is a way to identify a plant or tree by looking at
the similarities and differences that exist among them.
• A tree key would begin with a group of trees that are
split into two groups by comparing different
expressions of the same character (flower color red or
white).
• The first major separation would be whether or not the
tree is coniferous, bearing cones or deciduous, sheds its
leaves annually.
Keying takes practice!!
• Most tree keys use characters such as leaf
shape
• Or seed descriptions to create groups
• User must be familiar with the terminology
used to describe these characters to be
successful.
Basic Terminology
• Opposite: 2 or 3 leaves are directly across from each other on the
same twig
• Alternate: leaves that are staggered along stem
• Simple leaf: one leaflet, a petiole and a bud at its base
• Compound leaf: a single leaf that is made up of many leaflets Petiole:
the stalk of a leaf that connects it to the tree
• Needle-like: leaves long and narrow, thick in the shape of a needle
• Scale-like: leaves in the shape of small, flat thickened triangles that
hug the stem
• Entire: leaf edges is smooth no teeth or lobes
• Lobed: leaf has wavy edges
• Toothed: leaf has jagged edges
Leaves
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Shape
Margin
Lobes
Base
Vein pattern
Apex style
Simple vs compound
Surface texture
Apex
2
Notch
7
Lobe
6
Leaf Blade
1
Midrib
8
Margin
5
Petiole
4
Spine &
9
veins
Base
3
Twigs
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Types of buds
Terminal bud
Lateral/axillary bud
Bud arrangement
Leaf petiole scar
Lenticles
Pith
Bud scale scar
T
1erminal Bud
Lenticels
2
Lateral/axillary bud
3
Internode
4
(space between nodes)
Petiole Scar
5
Bud Scale Scar
6
One years growth
7
Vascular Bundle Scar
8
Pith
9
Leaf Types
Simple vs. Compound
Trifoliate
Compound
Simple
Palmately
Compound
Pinnately
Compound
Bi-Pinnately
Compound
Types of Simple Lobed
Leaves
Tri-Lobed
Palmately
Lobed
Tri-lobed
Tri-Lobed
Palmately Lobed
Tri-Lobed
Palmately
Lobed
Pinnately Lobed
Leaf Shapes
Oblanceolate
Obovate
Ovate
Lanceolate
Oval
Linear
Orbicular
Oblong
Leaf Apexes
Acute (sharply pointed)
Cuspidate (curving to a point)
Obtuse (Rounded or Blunt)
Emarginate
(notched at the tip)
Leaf Bases
Cuneate
Rounded
Cordate
Truncate
Leaf Margins
Dentate
Entire
Serrate
Doubly
Serrate
Crenate-Serrate
Crenate
Types of Buds
Valvate
Scaly
(2 scales)
Stalked
Sessile
Imbricate
Scaly
(w/o stalk)
(many scales)
Leaf & Bud Arrangements
Fascicled
Alternate
Opposite
(clustered on a spur)
Whorled
Types of piths
Hollow
Solid
Generous
Diaphragmed
Stellate
Chambered
Other characteristics to look for
when keying
• Texture of leaf or bark
• Smell or odor when leaf is crushed
• Hairs, glands, scales or lack thereof on bottom
of leaf
• Milky or clear sap when stem is pinched
• Habitat found growing
• Leaf surface shiny or dull
Usually the first question about the leaves will be their
arrangement: alternate, opposite, or whorled
Second division will be the leaf type: compound or simple.