CHAPTER 10 AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE The Great Transformation 1876-1900 • From rural to urban • From agricultural to industrial • From isolationist to international involvement & imperialism IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA • Throughout the 19th century America expanded control of the continent to the Pacific Ocean • By 1880, many American leaders felt the U.S. should join European nations and establish colonies overseas • Thus began America’s foray into Imperialism – the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political or military control over weaker nations WHY IMPERIALISM? • 1) Desire for Military strength – Mahan advised strong navy • 2) Thirst for new markets – to spur economy & trade • 3) Belief in Cultural Superiority – a belief that Anglo-Saxons were superior 1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908 1. Commercial/Business Interests American Foreign Trade: 1870-1914 I. Motivations for Intervention • A. Economic: Agriculture & Industry Desires Resources and Markets Business Demands Imperialism Senator Alfred Beveridge, 1898 • “Today we are raising more than we can consume. Today we are making more than we can use… Therefore we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor.” Business Demands Imperialism • “As our commerce spreads, the flag of liberty will circle the globe and the highway of the ocean – carrying trade to all mankind – will be guarded by the guns of the republic. And as their thunders salute the flag, benighted (ignorant) people will know that the voice of liberty is speaking, at last, for them … that civilization is dawning at last, for them.” 2.Military/Strategic Interests Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783 3. Social Darwinist Thinking The Hierarchy of Race The White Man’s Burden The “Triumph” of the AngloSaxons – the American branch • “The time is coming … (when) the world will enter upon a new stage of its history – the final competition of races, for which the Anglo-Saxon is being schooled.” The “Triumph” of the AngloSaxons – the American branch • “Then this race of unequaled energy, with all the majesty of numbers and the might of wealth behind it – the representative ... Of the largest liberty, the purist Christianity, the highest civilization - … will spread itself over the earth.” The “Triumph” of the AngloSaxons – the American branch • “... This powerful race will move down upon Mexico, down upon Central and South America, out upon the islands of the sea, over upon Africa and beyond. And can anyone doubt that the results of this competition of races will be the ‘survival of the fittest?” – Rev. Josiah Strong, 1891 – Is this similar to something we have come across before in American history? C. Racial: “Little Brown Brothers” Humanitarian: To Civilize and Christianize “The White Man’s Burden” • Americans & Europeans both claimed that it was their responsibility as superior races to uplift, civilize and Christianize native peoples • “Take up the white man’s burden – • Send forth the best ye breed• Go bind your sons to exile • To serve your captives need” – Rudyard Kipling 4.Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905 5. National Pride & Global Competition “Everyone else gets to!” International Darwinism • Since only the strongest nations will survive, the U.S. had to be strong religiously, militarily, and politically. • The U.S. had to demonstrate its strength by acquiring territories overseas. 6.Closing the American Frontier First Steps • Seward and Blaine – Secretaries of State William H. Seward and James G. Blaine – Both promoted expansion in the Pacific • Hawaii – Government overthrown by American planters • Chile and Venezuela – President Cleveland asserted American authority in the Western hemisphere The Roots of Imperialism THE U.S. ACQUIRES ALASKA • In 1867, Secretary of State William Steward arranged for the United States to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million • Some thought it was a silly idea and called it “Steward’s Icebox” • Time has shown how smart it was to buy Alaska for 2 cents an acre • Alaska is rich in timber, minerals and oil U.S. TAKES HAWAII • Hawaii had been economically important to Americans for centuries • To avoid import taxes (tariffs), sugar growers pleaded for annexation • The U.S. knew the value of the Islands – they had built a naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1887 • Led by Sanford Dole, American annexed Hawaii in 1898 and it formally became a state in 1959 U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s U. S. View of Hawaiians Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians! U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii 1875 – Reciprocity Treaty 1890 – McKinley Tariff 1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894. SECTION 2: THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR • America had long held an interest in Cuba • When Cubans unsuccessfully rebelled against Spanish rule in the late 19th century, American sympathy went out to the Cuban people • After Spain abolished slavery in Cuba in 1886, Americans invested millions in Cuban sugar Cuba is just 90 miles south of Florida II. The Spanish American-War A. 4 Causes of the War: – Sugar (Economic) – Spanish Cruelties (Humanitarian) CUBA’S SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE • Anti-Spain sentiment in Cuba soon erupted into a second war for independence • Led by poet Jose Marti, Cuba attempted a revolution in 1895 • Marti deliberately destroyed property, including American sugar plants, hoping to provoke American intervention Marti WAR FEVER ESCALATES • Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) exaggerated Spanish atrocities and brutality in “Headline Wars” Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and Hearst escalating and instigating war between the U.S. and Spain “Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism Joseph Pulitzer Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, William Randolph Hearst and I’ll furnish the war! De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S. Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party. Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba. U.S.S MAINE EXPLODES Before After • Early in 1888, President McKinley ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba in order to bring home American citizens in danger • On February 15, 1898 the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana • More than 260 men were killed WAR ERUPTS WITH SPAIN • There was no holding back those that wanted war with Spain • Newspapers blamed the Spanish for bombing the U.S.S. Maine (recent investigations have shown it was a fire inside the Maine) • “Remember the Maine!” became a rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN • A naval blockade of Cuba was followed by a land invasion highlighted by Roosevelt’s Rough Rider victory at San Juan Hill • Next, the American Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet and paved the way for an invasion of Puerto Rico (Spanish colony) THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES • U.S. forces surprised Spain by attacking the Spanish colony of the Philippines • 11,000 Americans joined forces with Filipino rebel leader Emilo Aguinaldo • By August, 1898 Spain had surrendered to the U.S. in Manila U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF PARIS • The U.S. and Spain signed an armistice on August 12, 1898, ending what Secretary of State John Hay called “a splendid little war” • The war lasted only 16 weeks • Cuba was now independent • U.S. receives Guam, Puerto Rico, and “bought” the Philippines for $20 million Treaty of Paris, 1898 The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam. The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines. The U. S. becomes an imperial power! The American Anti-Imperialist League Founded in 1899. Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders. Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism. SECTION 3: ACQUIRING NEW LANDS • The U.S had to decide how to rule the new lands • Puerto Rico wanted their independence– but the U.S. had other plans • Puerto Rico was important to the U.S. strategically • The U.S. set up a civil government, full citizenship, and a bicameral system Puerto Rico: 1898 1900 - Foraker Act. PR became an “unincorporated territory.” Citizens of PR, not of the US. Import duties on PR goods 1901-1903 the Insular Cases. Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions. Congress had the power to decide these rights. Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal! Puerto Rico: 1898 1917 – Jones Act. Gave full territorial status to PR. Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US. PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws. PRs could NOT vote in US presidential elections. A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House. CUBA AND THE UNITED STATES • The Treaty of Paris granted full independence to Cuba • The U.S signed an agreement with Cuba known as the Platt Amendment 1903 • Key features of “Platt” included the right of the U.S. to maintain naval stations on the island and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs • Cuba had become a “protectorate” of the U.S. Today the U.S. has a prison in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba Cuban Independence? Teller Amendment (1898) Platt Amendment (1903) Senator Orville Platt 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. C. An American Puppet: Cuba & the Platt Amendment “The government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty….” FILIPINOS REBEL U.S. troops fire on rebels • Filipinos reacted with rage to the American annexation • Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo vowed to fight for freedom and in 1899 he led a rebellion • The 3-year war claimed 20,000 Filipino rebels, 4,000 American lives and $400,000,000 (20x the price the U.S. paid for the land) FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA • China was a vast potential market for American products • Weakened by war and foreign intervention, many European countries had colonized in China • In 1889, John Hay, U.S. Secretary of State, issued the Open Door Policy which outlined his plan for free trade among nations in China Foreign nations were opening the door to China’s trade BOXER REBELLION • European nations dominated China’s cities • Resentment arose in the form of secret societies determined to rid China of these “foreign devils” • The Boxer’s were a secret group that rioted in 1900, killing and vandalizing all things foreign • Foreign Troops were called in to put down this “Boxer Rebellion” The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power. AMERICANS PROTECT RIGHTS IN ASIA • After the Boxer Rebellion, John Hay again issued a series of Open Door Policies • These policies reflected American beliefs in the importance of exports, the right of America to intervene to keep foreign markets open, and the belief that America’s survival depended on access to foreign markets America as a Pacific Power SECTION 4: AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually • Two events signaled America’s continued climb toward being the #1 world power • 1) Roosevelt negotiated a settlement between Russia and Japan who had been at War – his successful efforts in negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth won Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize • 2) Construction of Panama Canal Panama: The King’s Crown 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. 1901 Hay-Paunceforte Treaty. Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent provocateur. Dr. Walter Reed. Colonel W. Goethals. 1903 Hay-BunauVarilla Treaty. Panama Canal TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904) THE PANAMA CANAL • By the early 20th century, many Americans understood the advantages of a canal through Panama • It would greatly reduce travel times for commercial and military ships by providing a short cut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans “The shortcut” BUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL 1904-1914 Cost- $380 million Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died) Time – Construction took 10 years • The French had already unsuccessfully attempted to build a canal through Panama • America first had to help Panama win their independence from Colombia – which it did • Construction of the Canal stands as one of the greatest engineering feats of all-time Constable of the World The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power . Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick! U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920s The U.S. in Latin America: Good Neighbor or Imperialist? Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests. The Mexican Revolution: 1910s Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered. Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta. The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country. Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico. Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” The U. S. should be the conscience of the world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn colonialism. U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914