CIVIL WAR
1861-1865
APUSH
Chapter 19: Drifting Toward Disunion, 1854-1861
5 Causes of the Civil War
*****
1. North vs. South
Economic & Social Differences
• South- “plantation”
economy depends on
slave labor.
• Agrarian society
• North – “Industrial “
economy
• Urban society
2. State Rights vs. Federal Rights
• Nullification Crisis 1832concept that a state has
the right to rule federal
acts unconstitutional.
• Slavery – “is a states
rights issue, not a moral
issue”
• South = federal
government has no right
to intervene
3. Slave States vs. Non Slave States
• Missouri Compromise
(1820) – maintains
balance of free vs. slave
states. Prohibits spread of
slavery north of latitude
36 30”
• Wilmot Proviso (1846) –
bans slavery in all lands
acquired From Mexico
3. Slave States vs. Non Slave States
• Compromise of 1850:
• 1. California a free state
• 2. Utah & New Mexico : people’s vote will decide free
or slave
• 3. Republic of Texas gave up its claims to land in New
Mexico
• 4. Slave trade abolished in Washington, D.C.
• 5. Fugitive Slave Act –any federal official who does
not arrest runaway slaves has to pay fine.
3.Slave States vs. Non Slave States
• Kansas – Nebraska
Act 1854 =
• Both are above 36 30”
line
• “Popular Sovereignty”
People’s vote decides
slave or non slave
• Missouri Compromise
repealed !
3. Slave States vs. Non Slave States
(cont’d)
• Pro slavery farmers
from Missouri move
to Kansas and vote
• Abolitionists/anti
slavery residents fight
back
• Violence erupts
• “Bleeding Kansas”
4. Growth of Abolition Movement
• Northerners support
abolition movement
• John Brown & Harper’s
Ferry – (1859)
• Wants to:
• create a free black state
• Arm slaves
• seize arsenal in Virginia
• Is Captured, & hung for
treason
4. Growth of Abolition Movement
(CONT’D)
• Harriet Beecher
Stowe writes “Uncle
Tom’s Cabin”
• “the book that made
this great war”, A.
Lincoln
• humanizes slaves
• Brought evils of slavery to
attention of Americans
• strong emotional appeal
4. Growth of Abolition Movement
(Cnt’d)
• Dred Scott Case 1857:
• a slave lived in
Missouri (slave state)
• Master moved to free
state (Illinois)
• Scott sues for
freedom after
master’s death
4. Growth of Abolition Movement
(Cnt’d)
• Dred Scott vs. Sanford
• If a master moves to a
free state, are his slaves
now free?
• Court decision: all African
Americans are not
citizens, making them
ineligible to sue in federal
court
5. Abraham Lincoln
• Senate Race, Illinois
• Lincoln – Douglas
Debates, 1858
• 7 in total
• Stephen Douglass accused
Lincoln of being “an advocate
for racial equality”
• Lincoln responded “ I am not,
nor ever have been in favor of
bringing about social and
political equality of the white,
and black man”
5. Abraham Lincoln
• 1860 Presidential
Election
• Lincoln (Rep) vs. John
Breckinridge (Dem)
• Lincoln earned 40% of
popular vote
• 180 electoral votes vs.
Breckinridge’s 72
5. Abraham Lincoln (Cnt’d)
• Lincoln’s Presidential
Platform:
•
•
•
•
•
1. Non extension of slavery
2. Protective tariff
3. Rights for immigrants
4. Transcontinental Railroad
5. Federally financed
infrastructure in the west
• 6. Free homesteads for citizens
5. Abraham Lincoln (Cnt’d)
•
•
•
•
Southern States threatened to leave if Lincoln won…
Dec 20th, 1860 – 4 days after electionSouth Carolina seceded
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana,
Texas followed
• Feb 1861 they formed Confederate States of
America
• Named Jefferson Davis as their President
History of Slavery
in U.S.
apush
1619 – Slavery Introduced
• Dutch ship traded20
African slaves for food
• In Jamestown, 1619
1660’s
• Slavery spread
• Laws defined roles of
master/ slave:
• Slaves for life
• No interracial
marriage allowed
• Children
automatically made
slaves
1793 Cotton Gin
• Eli Whitney invented
cotton gin
• Machine removed seeds
from cotton faster
• “King Cotton” became #1
cash crop south
• Demand for slaves
increased : from 1 million
to 4 million in 50 yrs.
“King Cotton”
• The American
south produced
more than ½ of the
world’s entire
supply of cotton!
• The north
converted cotton
into textiles (fabric)
Slave Life
• Difficult & tedious
• Families split apart
• Education of slaves
forbidden
• “Passive resistance” –
forms of protest: slow
production, act
“dumb”
• Relied on community,
faith, oral tradition
Slaveholders: Statistics
• by 1860…
• ¼ of all white families in the South owned
slaves
• 12% owned twenty or more slaves
• 1% owned 100 or more
• “Large slaveholders a minority within a
majority”
Southern Social Pyramid
• 1. Planter Aristocracy –
• Most owned 20 slaves
• few owned over 100 slaves &
1,000 acres of land
• 2. Farmers – owned less than
20 slaves, few hundred acres
of land
• 3. Yeoman – Small farmers did
not own slaves
• 4. “White Trash” – owned no
land. Poor whites.
• 5. African Slaves
Civil War Begins
1861-1865
Chapter 20: Girding for War: The North
and the South 1861-1865
Chapter 21: The Furnace of Civil War
1861-1865
Taking SideS…
•
•
•
•
North
Union Army
President Lincoln
Includes Border states:
Delaware, Maryland,
Missouri, Kentucky (slave
states)
• South
• Confederate Army
• President Jefferson Davis
April, 1861
• First shots fired at
Fort Sumter
• Charleston, South
Carolina
Southern Advantages
• “defensive war”
• 1. Fought on their
territory
• 2. Highly trained
generals
• 3. Few landlocked
regions
Southern Disadvantages
• 1. Less population
• 2. Less Resources
• 3. Limited means of
transportation &
Infrastructure
• 4. Demand for cotton
plunges = no $
Northern Advantages
• 1. Bigger Population
• 2. Controlled Banks,
railroads, factories,
• 3. More $
Northern Disadvantages
• “offensive war”
• 1. Required
movement of troops,
supplies
• 2. Required more
men
• 3. Military schools in
the South
Union Soldiers
• Mostly Volunteers
/civilians
• Late teens , early 20’s
• Over 2 million men
served
Confederate Conscription
Act, 1862
• “draft”
• The 1st
conscription act in
American history
• Landowners with
more than 20
slaves exempt
Union Conscription, 1863
•
•
•
•
Protest:
New York Draft Riots
500 killed
City blocks destroyed
African American Soldiers
• Joined Union army
• Received less pay,
supplies, uniforms
• African American
Soldiers received $7
• White Soldiers
received $13
54th Massachusetts
• 54th Massachusetts
Regiment
• Recognized for
courage & valor
• Depicted in film
“Glory”
54th Massachusetts
• Col. Robert Shaw
• Led African American
regiment
• Fought for equal pay
for African American
troops
• Famous Battle:
Battery Wagner, SC
New WEAPONS Introduced
• 1. Repeating Rifle
• 2. Multi-barreled
gatling gun (early
machine gun)
UniOn’ S 4 phaSe plan:
• Gen. Winfield Scott’s
• “Anaconda” Plan:
• 1. Union Navy
Blockade coast from
Virginia to Texas
• -cut off supplies to
South
UniOn’ S 4 phaSe plan:
• 2. Gain Control of
Mississippi River
• -cut confederacy in
half
• Gain access to trade,
transportation,
communication
UniOn’ S 4 phaSe plan
• 3. Invade Georgia,
Then the Carolinas
• 4. Capture the
Confederate capital of
Richmond, Virginia
CiVil WaR BaTTleS…
• Most important…
1. 1st Battle of Bull Run
•
•
•
•
July, 1861
1st major battle
Confederacy led by
General “Stonewall”
Jackson
• South Won
2. 2nd Battle Bull Run
• March, 1862
• Confederate General
Robert E. Lee (south)
won
3. New Technology @ Sea
• Naval Battle
March, 1862
• “Ironclads”
• Armored warships
• Merrimac
(Confederacy) vs.
Monitor (Union)
4. Battle of Shiloh
• April, 1862
• Confederate
surprise attack on
Union troops
• 70,000 men fight
• 23,000 dead or
wounded
5. Antietam Creek
• Sept., 1862
• Bloodiest Battle
• 24,000 men dead Or
wounded
• Union led by General
McClellan
• North won
Antietam
• Turning Point…
• North finally won an important “victory”
Emancipation Proclamation
“…all persons held as
slaves within the
rebellious states are,
and henceforward shall
be free."
Jan. 1863
Limitations to Emancipation
Proclamation
• 1. Applied only to states that seceded, not to
loyal border states
• 2. Did not immediately free slaves
• 3. Freedom depended on military victory
Turning point
• Lincoln’s “Emancipation Proclamation”
• Shifted the focus of war
• Union now fought for “Freedom”
6. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
• Most important
battle
• July, 1863
• 53,000 men wounded
/ killed
• North won
• Confederates did not
win any battles after
this.
Gettysburg Address
• Nov. 1863
• Cemetery dedication
At Gettysburg
• Lincoln delivered
memorable speech
• “Gettysburg Address”
Gettysburg Today
•
7. SheRman’S UniOn ViCTORy
• William Tecumseh
Sherman
• Led Union Troops to
the South
• Captured Atlanta,
Georgia 1864
7. SheRman’S UniOn ViCTORy
• Sherman’s “Scorched
Earth” policy• Ordered troops to
Burn homes, &
destroy crops as they
marched through
Georgia
• “the burning of
Atlanta”
WaR ended…
• On April 9, 1865
• Confederate Army
surrendered @
Appomattox
Courthouse (n.
Virginia)
afTeRmaTh…
• 1 out every 12
adult males served
• Over 620,000 dead
• 50,000 survived
with amputated
limbs
5 dayS laTeR…
• President Lincoln
was Assassinated
• By John Wilkes
Booth
• April 14, 1865
13th Amendment:
• Abolition of slavery
• President Lincoln assassinated prior to its
passing
Lincoln’s Legacy
• Homestead Act 1862- granted 160 acres to
any family that would agree to farm it for 5
years
• Morrill Land Grant 1862- gave federal lands to
states for purpose of building trade schools
(agriculture, technical trades)
• Pacific Railway Act 1862 – approved building
of Transcontinental railroad
WOmen’S played pROminenT
Roles
• New responsibilities
while men were away
• Involvement in
abolition movement
led to suffrage
movement of early
20th cent.
NURSES
• 20,000 Women in the
North served as
nurses
• Ages 35-50
• “self sacrificing, good
self control, steadfast
in duty”
Clara Barton
• Civil war nurse
• Established Red Cross
• To provide “humane
services to all war
time victims”
Female Soldiers ?
• 1. Sarah Emma
Edmunds aka
• “ Frank Thomson”
• Evaded suspicion
for a year!
• Soldier/ nurse
Female Soldiers ?
• 2. Loreta Janeta
Velasquez
• Aka “Harry Buford”
fought for
Confedaracy
• Was Cuban!
Female Spies!
• Rose O’Neil “Wild
Rose”
• Most famous
confederate
spy/messenger
Chapter 22: The Ordeal of
Reconstruction, 1865-1877
Chapter 23: “ The End of
Reconstruction”/ The Birth of Jim Crow
APUSH: Topic 12: Reconstruction
Topic13: The Origins of The
New South
ISSUES…
• 1. Readmission of Southern States into the
Union
• 2. Treatment of Ex- Confederates
• 3. Economic & Physical destruction of South
• 4. Assimilation of 4 million former slaves
• 4. The power of Federal government still an
issue
Lincoln’s Presidential Reconstruction
Plan (1863)
• 10% of Southern
voters must take
loyalty oath
• Full Pardon for exconfederates
- Oath of allegiance,
agree to eliminate
slavery
Congressional Reconstruction (1864)
• Wade –Davis Bill
1864 : passed by both
houses
• 50% Southern Voters
take loyalty oath
• Harsher plan
Wade- Davis bill
• Pocket vetoed by Lincoln
• Refused to sign until congress went on recess
• Kept it from becoming law
President Andrew Johnson’s Plan (1865)
• Similar to 10% Plan
• Pardoned former
confederates
• Special “Presidential
pardon” for wealthy
southerners
Mississippi
• Refused to ratify 13th amendment
• Johnson recognized new state government as
legit
• Refused to support African Americans
Southern “Black Codes”
• Restricted freedoms of African Americans
• Re-established white control over African
American labor
• Curfews, cannot hold meetings, cannot own
land
Sharecroppers…
• Lease land
• Borrowed supplies to
till plots
• Gave portion of
harvest to landowner
• Only option for
African Americans
Unpopular Johnson
•
•
•
•
Not well liked
He was a Southerner
Of humble origins
Accused of being
“lenient” towards exconfederates
Political Views: Congress Divided
• 1. Moderates:
• majority of Republican
party
• Keep ex-confederates out
of office
• Restore south into union
• African Americans- civil
equality, no voting rights
Political Views: Congress Divided
• 2. Radical
Republicans:
• Goal to create “new
south”
• Equal rights for all
• African American
right to vote
Johnson vs. Congress
• Freedmen’s Bureau 1865: distributed food,
clothing, shelter , employment agency for
former slaves
• 1866 Congress passes bill to continue program
• Johnson vetoes bill
Congress Reacts & Passes
• Civil Rights Act of 1866: act declares everyone
born in U.S. a citizen with full rights
• Does not guarantee voting
• Johnson Vetoes bill too!!
Tenure of Office Act 1867
• Requires senate
approval of a
replacement before
president can remove
official
• Johnson ousts
Secretary of War
Impeachment Proceedings
Johnson violates Tenure of Office Act
An “impeachable offense”
Senate vote falls short
Johnson not Impeached, does not run for reelection
Ulyses S. Grant elected President 1868
14th Amendment - 1868
• Citizenship, due
process and equal
protection
• Protects rights of all
U.S. citizens
15th Amendment
• Citizen’s right to vote
regardless of race, color,
or previous servitude.
• Lacks wording that allows
for enforcement of law!
• Law ignored by most
states
• Excludes women
Military Reconstruction Act (1867)
•
•
•
•
•
Divides south
Into 5 districts
Managed by military forces
“martial law”
Tries to restore order in South
Civil War Destroyed…
•
•
•
•
1. Post war Southern Economy
2. Infrastructure
3. Land
4. Property
Southerners Suspicious of…
• “Carpetbaggers”
• Northerners who move
south
• In search of
• Economic opportunity
• “Scalawags”
• Southern Republicans
• “steal from state govt.
to line their own
pockets”
African American Experience
Reconstruction era
African Americans Experience
•
•
•
•
Exploitation
Racism & intimidation
During reconstruction period
Never receive “40 acres and a mule”
African American Civil War
Veterans
•
•
•
•
Emerge as 1st generation of political leaders
Exposed to reading
Emerge with sense on “nationalism”
“we fought for our country”
Establish Communities
•
•
•
•
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Former slaves establish independent Churches
Mostly Baptist
Provides comfort, hope
Legitimize marriages
Establish schools
Racism
•
•
•
•
•
Opposition to education of former slaves
Some southerners refused to grant freedom
Ku Kux Klan (1866)
Terrorizes and intimidates
African Americans in the South
Enforcement Acts 1870-1871
•
•
•
•
•
President Grant’s Solution
Authorizes the use of
Federal Troops
To quell violence
And enforce 14th & 15th amendment
End of Reconstruction
• President Rutherford B. Hayes’
• “ Compromise 1877” signals
• The end of martial law = end of
Reconstruction period
• Removal of troops in south
The New South
Life after Civil War/Reconstruction
Tenant Farming
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sharecropping
Crop-lien-system
Poor in Debt
Encourages poverty
One crop agriculture
tobacco
Industrial Growth- South
• Factory workers in the
south
• Earn 40% less than
northern workers
• African Americans
excluded from factory
work
New Economy
• Most live (White/African
American) below poverty
line
• Lack of value placed in
education
• Rely on plantation
economy
• By 1890’s many lose land
Southern Segregation Laws
• Jim Crow Laws (1881)
• Segregated public
facilities
• “separate but equal”
• Adopted across the
South
Plessy Vs. Ferguson
• 1896
• Man 7/8th’s white &
1/8th African
American tries to sit
in “whites only”
railway car
• Arrested
• He sues
Plessy vs. Ferguson
• Ruling states that
“separate but equal”
laws do not violate
14th amendment”
• Supreme Court Ruling
gives South
permission to
discriminate!
“Grandfather Clauses”
• “a man can vote only
if his grandfather
voted in an election
prior to 1865”
• Harassment of voters
• Literacy tests
• Poll taxes
Harassment
• African Americans
• Could not serve on a
jury
• Harsher penalties
• “Lynching” –
unauthorized
execution of a person
by a mob
Hope…
• 1856
• 1st African American
University opens
• Wilberforce
University, Ohio
Booker T. Washington
•
•
•
•
Former slave
Born 1856
After emancipation,
Works in salt mine
during day
• Goes to school at
night
Quote:
• "I had the feeling that to get into a
schoolhouse and study would be about the
same as getting into paradise," – Booker T.
Washington
• Education =‘s Economic Independence
Tuskegee Institute
• Founded by Booker T.
Washington
• 30 students 1st year
• By 1915
• 1,500 students
• 30 majors
Today…
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tuskegee University
Alabama
Today: 3,000 students
38 undergrad majors
12 Master programs
Doctor of Veterinary
Medicine
• PH. D
Spelman College
•
•
•
•
Est. 1881
Fist African-American
College for women
Georgia