1. Identify these groups:
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Croats
Czechs
Poles
Serbs
Slovaks
Slovenes
2. Italy was divided into three separate areas
 Northern Italy ruled by the Austrians
 The Hapsburgs ruled much of central Italy
 Southern Italy was ruled by France
Italian began to resent this. Writers, philosophers, and
musicians began to celebrate Italian traditions; many secret
societies began to form in order to overthrow the Austrian
government.
(1) Giuseppe Mazzini (The Heart of Italy) launched Young
Italy, a revolutionary group that wanted to unify Italy.
Mazzini was exiled but found a way to smuggle his ideals via
pamphlets into Italy.
His main point was that lines drawn by The Congress of
Vienna in 1815 be redrawn.
Mazzini attracted tens of thousands of Italians for the cause of
unification.
 Revolutions spread throughout Europe.
 1848 Italian Nationalist led a rebellion against Austrian
rule. The Italian state of Piedmont declared war against
Austria. Austria won, the war lasted 1 year.
 1849 Mazzini and two others seized Rome.
 French troops helped the Pope control Rome again.
Failures of 1848 and 1849 did not weaken the hopes of Italian
Nationalist.
 (2) Camillo di Cavour- the Brain of Italy emerged at this
time he was a writer.
 Cavour founded a nationalist newspaper Il Risorgimento.
 Cavour became Prime Minister on the independent
Kingdom of Sardinia in 1852.
 Cavour believed Italy should be a Monarchy.
 Camillo di Cavour made deal with France. He supported
France in a war with Russia, gave France provinces of
Savoy and Nice.
 France supported Sardinia in its planned war against
Austria.
 The plan worked – by 1860 Northern Italy states were
liberated from Austrian rule.
 (3) Giuseppe Garibaldi – the Sword of Italy
 Giuseppe Garibaldi joined Mazzini’s Young Italy.
 Garibaldi had to flee Italy twice.
 He went to South America where he learned guerrilla
warfare.
 Came back to Italy for good in 1854.
 5 years later Cavour asked him to lead part of the Sardinian
army.
 Garibaldi joined Sardinian army – Italy regained Lombardy
Austria kept Venetia
 Garibaldi and his followers were know as Red Shirts
 Garibaldi and the Red Shirts gained control of Sicily by
1860
 Garibaldi favored a republic, yet he offered rule of
Kingdom of Two Sicilies to King Victor Emmanuel of
Sardinia
 Venetia and the Papal States were the only states that were
not ruled by Italy at this time.
 They didn’t hold out long. By 1870 war between Austria
and Prussia, Italy sided with Prussia; Prussia won and gave
Venetia to Italy.
 War began between Prussia and France, France withdrew
troops from Rome, and Italian unification was complete
under King Victor Emmanuel.
After Unification
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Catholic Church didn’t recognize Italy as a nation.
Poverty was widespread
Unemployment and high taxes caused violence
Italians began to move
By 1920 4.5 million Italians had emigrated to America
Many reforms in Italy
Voting – at unification on wealthy men could vote. By late
1800’s most adult male taxpayers could vote.
Workers rights- limiting working hours, no child labor
allowed
Government encouraged building new transportation and
water systems (to improve cities and attract new industries)
Foreign Policy:
1882 Italy formed a military alliance with Austria-Hungary
and Germany
Known as the Triple Alliance
Brought Europe to war in 1914