Name:_______________________________
American Colonies Emerge Notes
Learning objective:
What were the different ways __________________________settled North America after Columbus’s first trip?
Section 1
Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Throughout the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish conquer _____________ and portions of ______________ America.
The Spanish Claim a New Empire
Cortés Subdues the Aztec
•
Conquistadors (conquerors)—Spanish explorers, seek ______________, ______________
•
1519 Hernándo _____________ leads army into Americas, claims land for Spain
•
_____________ dominate region; Nahua people who resent _____________ join Cortés
•
Montezuma thinks Cortés a _____________; gives him share of Aztec gold
•
In 1520 Aztec rebel; in 1521 _____________ and their allies defeat Aztec
•
Cortés founds _____________________, New Spain colony on Tenochtitlán ruins
Spanish Pattern of Conquest
•
Spanish settlers mostly men, called ____________________; marry native women
•
__________________—person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
•
Landlords use _____________________—force natives to farm, ranch, mine
•
__________________object, encomienda abolished; _________________ brought as slaves
Other Countries Explore North America
•
England, France, Netherlands sponsor voyages in 1500s and 1600s
Exploring Florida
•
Juan Ponce de León discovers and names ______________________ (1513)
•
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés expels _____________________, founds St. Augustine (1565)
Settling the Southwest
•
In 1540, Francisco Vásquez de Coronado leads expedition to ___________________
•
Pedro de Peralta, governor of ______________________, Spain’s northern holdings
•
He helps found Santa Fe (1609–1610); several ____________________ built in area
Resistance to the Spanish
Conflict in New Mexico
•
Priests _____________________many Native Americans, try to suppress their culture
•
In 1670s Spanish force natives to pay ________________, do labor for missions
Section 2
An English Settlement at Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in North America is founded at ______________, ___________________, in
1607.
English Settlers Struggle in North America
The Business of Colonization
•
Joint-stock companies—investors _______________colony, get _________________________
•
In 1607, Virginia Company sends 150 people to found _________________________
A Disastrous Start
•
Colonists seek ________________, suffer from disease and hunger
•
_____________________________ forces colonists to farm; gets help from Powhatan people
•
(1609) 600 colonists arrive; ___________________________ destroy farms; “starving time”
Jamestown Begins to Flourish
•
New arrivals revive and expand colony; grow ___________________
“Brown Gold” and Indentured Servants
•
Tobacco becomes profitable; export ____________________ pounds by late 1620s
•
Headright system—purchaser of passage gets ________________—lures settlers
•
Plantation owners use indentured _______________________— work 4–7 years for passage
The First African Laborers
•
First _________________________ arrive (1619); treated as indentured _________________________
•
Late 1600s, owners begin importing costly slaves because
- indentured population _________________________
- colony becomes _____________________________
The Settlers Clash with Native Americans
The English Pattern of Conquest
•
English do not live or ________________________ with Native Americans
The Settlers Battle Native Americans
•
Continued ______________________between Powhatan and English after starving time
•
1614 marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe creates temporary ____________________________
•
Renewed fighting; king makes Virginia _______________________________________ under his control
Economic Differences Split Virginia
Hostilities Develop
•
Former indentured people settle frontier, cannot ______________, pay high ___________________
•
Frontier settlers battle ________________________; tension between frontier, wealthy
•
_________________________ refuses to give money to help frontier fight local natives
Bacon’s Rebellion
•
Nathaniel Bacon raises ___________________________ to fight natives on frontier (1676)
•
Governor calls Bacon’s army illegal; Bacon sets fire to ____________________________
Section 3
Puritan New England - English _____________________come to North America, beginning in 1620.
Puritans Create a “New England”
Puritans and Pilgrims
•
____________________________, religious group, want to purify Church of England
•
_____________________________, including Pilgrims, form independent congregations
•
In 1620, Pilgrims flee to escape persecution, found ___________________ Colony
The Massachusetts Bay Company
•
In 1630, joint-stock company founds ____________________________ Bay Colony
•
John Winthrop is Puritan colony’s first ____________________________
“City Upon a Hill”
•
Puritan _____________________________ vote for General Court; Court chooses governor
Church and State
•
Civic officials are _____________________________, have duty to do God’s will
Importance of the Family
•
Puritans generally migrate as __________________________
•
Community makes sure family members behave in “__________-fearing” way
Dissent in the Puritan Community
The Founding of Providence
•
Roger Williams—extreme _______________________ minister with controversial views
•
General Court orders his ______________________; Williams flees
•
In 1636 he founds colony of Providence
- negotiates for _______________ with Narragansett tribe
- guarantees separation of __________________ and _________________, religious freedom
Anne Hutchinson Banished
•
Anne Hutchinson teaches church, ministers are ____________________________
Native Americans Resist Colonial Expansion
Disputes Over Land
•
Settlers spread to western _____________________, New Hampshire, _____________________________
•
Natives think land treaties _____________________________, Europeans think permanent
The Pequot War
•
Pequot War—Pequot takes stand against _________________________, nearly destroyed
King Philip’s War
•
Deprived of land, natives toil for English, must follow ____________________ laws
•
Wampanoag chief __________________________ organizes tribes to wipe out settlers (1675)
•
King Philip’s War fierce; hunger, disease, casualties defeat _________________________
Section 4
Settlement of the
Middle Colonies The Dutch settle New Netherland; English _____________________ led by William Penn settle
Pennsylvania.
The Dutch Found New Netherland
A Diverse Colony
•
In 1621, the _________________________________ Company colonizes New Netherland
•
Settlers from other __________________________ countries and ________________________ welcomed
•
Dutch trade for ________________ with Native Americans
English Takeover
•
In 1664, duke of York becomes ________________________(owner) of New Netherland
- renames colony New York
- later gives part of land to friends, names it ______________________________
The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania
Penn’s “Holy Experiment”
•
In 1681, William Penn founds __________________________________on Quaker principles
•
Quakers ideas: equality, _________________________, religious toleration, pacifism
•
Pennsylvania meant to be a “holy experiment”
- adult males get ___________acres, right to vote
- representative _____________________________
- freedom of _____________________________
Native American Relations
•
Penn treats native people fairly; over 50 years without ___________________________________
A Thriving Colony
•
Penn recruits immigrants; thousands of __________________________ go to Pennsylvania
•
Quakers become ____________________________; slavery is introduced
Thirteen Colonies
•
Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, founds ________________________; has religious freedom
•
James Ogelthorpe founds __________________________ as haven for debtors
•
By 1752, there are 13 British _________________________ in North America
Of the 5 main groups we talked about: The Spanish, the English at Jamestown, the English Puritans in New
England, the Dutch, and the Quakers. In your opinion, which group had the best system of colonization? Give
2-3 details why? Which group had the worst system of colonization? Give 2-3 details why?