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Memory > The Process of Forgetting
The Process of Forgetting
• Types of Forgetting
• Amnesia
• Transience and Encoding Failure
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Memory > The Process of Forgetting
Types of Forgetting
• Proactive and retroactive interference can impact how well we are able to recall a
memory. These conflicting memories assist in causing us to "forget" the memory
we want to recall.
• Not consistently reviewing, or not having to often recall, a memory will lead to
memory decay, which will ultimately result in a person forgetting that memory.
• Memories form around more than just events; they are also influenced by whether
information is important and relevant. This is further influenced by interpretation,
perception, and emotions.
Memory over time
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Memory > The Process of Forgetting
Amnesia
• Anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories; long-term memories
from before the event remain intact. However, memories that were not fully
consolidated from before the event may also be lost.
• Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall memories from before the onset of
amnesia. A person may be able to encode new memories after the event, and
they are more likely to remember general knowledge rather than specifics.
• Source amnesia is the inability to remember where, when, or how previously
learned information was acquired, but the factual knowledge is retained.
• Source confusion is misremembering of the source of a memory. The individual
does not forget the source but rather remembers it inaccurately. An example is
Amnesia
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when an individual claims a memory is from their own experience when it is
actually a story they heard.
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Memory > The Process of Forgetting
Transience and Encoding Failure
• Memory storage is the the retention of information, achieved through the encoding
process.
• Memory is the recall of not only events but also perceptions, interpretations, and
emotions.
• Memories are encoded and remembered based on how a person internalizes
information as perceptions, interpretations, and emotions.
• Transience refers to the general deterioration of a specific memory over time.
Much more can be remembered of recent events than of those further in the past.
Making a Memory
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Appendix
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Memory
Key terms
• anterograde amnesia The inability to remember new information since the amnesic episode.
• encode To convert sensory input into a form able to be processed and deposited in the memory.
• proactive interference When past memories inhibit an individual's full potential to retain new memories.
• retroactive interference When newly learned information interferes with and impedes the recall of previously learned
information.
• retrograde amnesia The loss of memories from the period before the amnesic episode.
• source confusion The unconscious transference involving the misattribution of the source of a memory.
• trace decay theory The theory that if memories are not reviewed or recalled consistently, they will begin to decay and will
ultimately be forgotten.
• transience The quality of being transient, temporary, brief or fleeting.
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Memory
Memory interference
Both old and new memories can impact how well we are able to recall a memory. This is known as proactive and retroactive interference.
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Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Memory." CC BY-SA 3.0
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Memory
Memory over time
Over time, a memory becomes harder to remember. A memory is freshest at the start, and without repetition, begins to be forgotten.
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Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Memory." CC BY-SA 3.0
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Memory
Amnesia
There are two main forms of amnesia: retrograde and anterograde. Retrograde prevents recall of information before a brain injury, and anterograde
prevents recall of information after a brain injury.
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Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Memory." CC BY-SA 3.0
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Memory
Making a Memory
To form a memory in the brain, information must first be encoded and stored before it can be recalled for later use.
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Wikimedia. "Memory card." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Memory_card.jpg View on Boundless.com
Memory
Seventy-five-year-old William has not thought about his high
school classmates in many years, and finds, when he looks at his
class picture, that he cannot remember most of the names. What
is a possible reason for this?
A) Memory decay
B) All of these
C) Proactive interference
D) Retroactive interference
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Memory
Seventy-five-year-old William has not thought about his high
school classmates in many years, and finds, when he looks at his
class picture, that he cannot remember most of the names. What
is a possible reason for this?
A) Memory decay
B) All of these
C) Proactive interference
D) Retroactive interference
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Memory
Amanda has heard her husband tell the same story about his
childhood so many times, she eventually starts to attribute it to her
own childhood. This is an example of _________.
A) Source amnesia
B) Hypnotic suggestion
C) Memory distrust
D) Source confusion
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Memory
Amanda has heard her husband tell the same story about his
childhood so many times, she eventually starts to attribute it to her
own childhood. This is an example of _________.
A) Source amnesia
B) Hypnotic suggestion
C) Memory distrust
D) Source confusion
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Memory
Which of the following is true regarding retrograde amnesia?
A) A person with retrograde amnesia will be unable to recall memories
after the event.
B) A person with retrograde amnesia will be unable to create new
memories.
C) A person with retrograde amnesia will be able to encode new
memories after the event.
D) Retrograde amnesia typically results from damage to the
hippocampus.
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Memory
Which of the following is true regarding retrograde amnesia?
A) A person with retrograde amnesia will be unable to recall memories
after the event.
B) A person with retrograde amnesia will be unable to create new
memories.
C) A person with retrograde amnesia will be able to encode new
memories after the event.
D) Retrograde amnesia typically results from damage to the
hippocampus.
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Memory
You have spent hours learning your calculus lesson. The best way
to ensure you remember all that you've learned would be to:
A) Decrease serotonin levels to help with encoding.
B) Make relevant associations between the info and things you already
know. Also, get some sleep.
C) Try electroconvulsive therapy to trigger encoded memories.
D) Decrease glutamate levels so that the information is more accessible
in long-term memory.
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Memory
You have spent hours learning your calculus lesson. The best way
to ensure you remember all that you've learned would be to:
A) Decrease serotonin levels to help with encoding.
B) Make relevant associations between the info and things you already
know. Also, get some sleep.
C) Try electroconvulsive therapy to trigger encoded memories.
D) Decrease glutamate levels so that the information is more accessible
in long-term memory.
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Memory
Attribution
• Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Memory." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory#Forgetting_and_False_Memory
• Wikipedia. "Interference theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_theory
• Wikipedia. "Interference theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_theory
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/trace-decay-theory
• Wikipedia. "retroactive interference." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/retroactive%20interference
• Wikipedia. "proactive interference." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/proactive%20interference
• Wikipedia. "List of memory biases." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memory_biases
• Wikipedia. "Amnesia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia
• Wikipedia. "Amnesia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia
• Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Memory." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Memory#Amnesia
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/source-confusion
• Wiktionary. "anterograde amnesia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anterograde+amnesia
• Wiktionary. "retrograde amnesia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retrograde+amnesia
• Wikibooks. "Cognitive Science: An Introduction/How Cognitive Science Can Help You Get Through School." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Science:_An_Introduction/How_Cognitive_Science_Can_Help_You_Get_Through_Scho
ol
• Wikibooks. "Hypnosis/Chapters/Memory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hypnosis/Chapters/Memory
• Wikibooks. "Hypnosis/Chapters/Uses." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hypnosis/Chapters/Uses#Memory_and_models
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• Wikipedia. "The Seven Sins of Memory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Sins_of_Memory
Memory
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/encode
• Wiktionary. "transience." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transience
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