HEALTH, WELLNESS
AND ILLNESS
WHAT IS HEALTH?
WHAT IS HEALTH?
Definition of Health?
WHO, 1947
“Health is state of complete
physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence
of disease and infirmity”
Dunn, 1967
“Health is an integrated method of
functioning which is oriented toward
maximizing the potential of which the
individual is capable. It requires that
the individual maintain a continuum of
balance and purposeful direction with
the environment where he/she is
functioning ”
MODEL of HEALTH
1. Medical Model
2. Environmental Model
MEDICAL MODEL
-
-
-
about measure of health
by gathering numerical
data (vital statistic)
ie: prevalence of diseases,
incidence of diseases
In medical model diseases
measured in term of
morbidity and mortality
Terminology
-
Health
Medical model
Vital statistic
Prevalence
Incidence
Morbidity
Mortality
ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL
-About analyses of ecosystems
and environmental risks to human
health
- In this model health is define in
terms of the quality of a person’s
(human factors) adaptation to
environmental as conditions
change
HUMAN
FACTORS
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
HEALTH
TERMINOLOGY
- Environmental Factors
- Human Factors
WELLNESS
- emphasizes individual responsibility for
wellbeing through the practice of healthpromoting like style behaviors
- Holistic model of health
- In this model define health in term of
whole person
- Encompasses the physiological, mental,
emotional, social, spiritual, environmental
and communities
- State of optimum health
THE WELLNESS CONTINUUM
HIGH LEVEL
OF
WELLNESS
Awareness
NEUTRAL
POINT
Signs
Disability
DEATH
Growth
Education
Symptoms
DIMENSION OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
- Wellness is dynamic and
continuous
- All dimensions are integrated
and functioning together
SIX DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH AND
WELLNESS
-
Emotional
Intellectual
Spiritual
Occupational
Social
Physical
DETERMINANTS OF
HEALTH
1
Health determinants:
1.Socio economic conditions
2.Biological
3.Environmental
4.Behavioral
5.Culture environment
6.Psychological
SOCIO ECONOMIC
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Socio economic determinants health:
1. Education
2. Income
3. Employment
4. Housing
5. Health care services
6. Food security
7. Social support network
8. Early life
9. Aboriginal status
10. Social exclusion
11. Gender
1
socio economic conditions:
1. Micro economic conditions
i.
Individual level
ii. Community level
2. Macro economic conditions
i.
National economy
ii. Global economy

Example
 Spread of infectious diseases
 Globalisation of communicable diseases: HIV/AIDS,
Hepatistis C, bird flu, SARS, H1 N1 etc
 Emerging of new disease and re-emerging of disease
 Diseases related with life style
 Medical care – development of health tourism – patient
able to access to cheaper medical care
1
Socio economic determinants of health – AT INDIVIDUAL
AND COMMUNITY LEVEL
Economic development lead to
 Increase production
 Distribution effect
o increase resources
o equity in health
 Consumption
o public consumption
o private consumption
ILLNESS & DISEASES
“The new theory is that most of today’s human
illness, the infectious ones aside, are
multifactor in nature, caused by two great
arrays of causative mechanism: the influence
of things in the environment; and one’s
personal lifestyle. For medicine to become
effective in dealing with such diseases, it has
become common belief that the environment
will have to be changed, and personal ways of
living also have to be transformed, and
radically.”
- Thomas, 1978
HUMAN
FACTORS
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
HUMAN
FACTORS
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
THE WELLNESS CONTINUUM
Diseases Condition
HIGH LEVEL
OF
WELLNESS
Awareness
NEUTRAL
POINT
Signs
Disability
DEATH
Growth
Education
Symptoms
INDIVIDUAL & ILLNESS
Healthy
Individuals
Exposure to
Risk
Early Disease Primary
Prevention
Incidence & Prevalence of Disease,
Complications and Mortality
Screening, Early Detection
and Intervention (e.g. Good Clinical Control )
Established
Disease
Provision, Distribution, operations, and utilisation of
health services across the population
Complications
& Death
Health Systems Improvement:
Effectiveness, Efficiency, Access, Equity...
HEALTH, ILLNESS AND POPULATION
CONTINUUM OF ILLNESS
SUB
CLINICAL
HEALTHY
NO SIGNS &
SYMPTOMS
CLINICAL
WITH SIGNS &
SYMPTOMS
ILLNESS
CAUSATION OF
DISEASES
MULTIFACTORAL CAUSATION OF
DISEASES:
- ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
- LIFE STYLE FACTORS
- BIOLOGICAL FACTORS