ITU Regional Standardization Forum for Asia-Pacific
(Jakarta, Indonesia, 27-28 October 2015)
EMC Generals and Testing Technologies
Sangho Choi, Ph.D.
The Chief of EMTI/Research Fellow
Electromagnetic Technology Institute(EMTI), RAPA
(shchoi@rapa.or.kr)
EMC Concept and
Technical Standards
1
EMC Definition

EMC : EMC is defined as the ability of electronic and communication equipment
to be able to operate satisfactorily in the presence of interference and not be a
source of interference to nearby equipment.
2
Electromagnetic Environment
(Coupling Path )
Radiation
(Nonmetallic Paths)
(Source)
RE
CE
Emitter
Conduction
(Metallic Paths)
(Victim)
RS
CS
Susceptor
·Transmitters
·Conduction (current)
·High-speed logic
Common impedance
·HF generators
+
·Power switchers
·Electromagnetic fields
·Inductive loads
Cross-talk/Radiation
·Transients : ESD, lightening
·Receivers
·Analog circuits
·Digital circuits
·Human beings
Low susceptibility threshold
EMS Regulation
High unwanted emissions
EMI Regulation
3
The Changes of EM Environment





ICT convergence : High speed/quality/definition, wireless
Smart grid technology, new and renewable energy development
Electric vehicles
Energy efficiency, mobility, portability
Automatic, social safety and security, intelligent public transportation
infrastructure
 Aerospace & avionics, ships advance
Technology
Innovation
Changes of
EM Environment
To be required the development of new EMC (testing) technologies in
electromagnetic environment
4
EMC Problems
Brazil rocket explosion
Alcantara launch center
killing 21 people,
injuring 20 more
2003
Aircraft carrier explosion
USS Forrestal Disaster, Vietnam
July 29, 1967
5
EMC Controls
• The control of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and
assurance of EMC comprises a series of related disciplines:
–
–
–
–
Characterizing the threat.
Setting standards for emission and susceptibility levels.
Design for standards compliance.
Testing for standards compliance.
• Characterization of the problem requires understanding of:
– The interference source and signal.
– The coupling path to the victim.
– The nature of the victim both electrically and in terms of the
significance of malfunction.
6
EMC Tests for the Compliance

Needs testing about
1)
Intra-system EMC for stable operation, performance & quality
2)
inter-system EMC for the protection of radio service (Radio law) and the
safety from danger
regulation & certificate
EMC
Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMI
Electromagnetic Interference
EMS
Electromagnetic Susceptibility
RE (IEC/CISPR)
CE (IEC/CISPR)
RS (IEC/TC77, ISO)
CE (IEC/TC77, ISO)
Radiated Emission
Conducted Emission
Radiated Susceptibility
Conducted Susceptibility
∙ Magnetic Fields
∙ Electric Fields
∙ HF/LF
∙ Surge, EFT Burst
∙ ESD
∙ Magnetic Fields
∙ Electric Fields
∙ Conducted Power
Disturbance
∙ Voltage
∙ Current
7
Technical Standards for EMC(1)
Basic Standard
- Basic standards for the measurement of radio disturbance in the frequency range
9kHz - 18GHz
ex: CISPR 16 Series, IEC/EN/K 61000-4 Series for ESD, RS/CS, Surge, EFT burst tests
Generic Standard
- Generic standards – Immunity(EMS) and emission(EMI)
for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments
ex: IEC/EN/K 61000-6-1 & IEC/EN/K 61000-6-2 for EMS
IEC/EN/K 61000-6-3 & IEC/EN/K 61000-6-4 for EMI
8
Technical Standards for EMC(2)
Product Family Standard
ex: CISPR 11(ISM), CISPR 12(vehicles, boats, combustion engine), CISPR 13(EMI for broadcasting
receiver), CISPR 14-1(EMI for home appliances), CISPR 14-2(EMS for home appliances),
CISPR 15(lightening equipment), CISPR 2013(EMS for broadcasting receiver), CISPR 22(EMI for
ITE), CISPR 24(EMS for ITE), CISPR 25(vehicles, boats, combustion engine),
CISPR 32 and CISPR 35(multimedia), etc.
Product Standard
ex: IEC 60945(Maritime Navigation and Radiocommunication Equipment and Systems) ,
IEC 60533(Electrical and electronics installation in ships),
IEC 61326(Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use),
IEC 61131-2(Programmable controllers ), IEC 61204-3(Low voltage power supplies), etc.
9
EMC Regulation Issues
10
EMC Regulation in the World
• US
– The body responsible for regulation of EMC emissions in the USA is the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The specific regulations are
Part 15 (Radio Frequency Devices) and Part 18 (Industrial, Scientific and
Medical Equipment) for the FCC marking.
• EU
– For the majority of electrical and electronic products, EMC requirements
in the European Union are covered by the EMC Directive (2004/108/EC)
for the CE marking
• Japan
– The body responsible for EMC emissions in Japan is the VCCI. Products
must comply with CISPR 22. Equipment intended for the domestic
environment must comply with the Class B requirements, while other
equipment should satisfy the Class A requirements
– These requirements are not mandatory regulations.
11
Korea Standard Development System for EMC
RRA is the National
Committee in EMC
Field for CISPR
EMC Technical Regulation Body
Contribute
KCS
Establishing KCS
Establishing KS
KS Standards
Sale
TTA Standard
(TTAS)
Standard
Draft Version
12
Requesting
KS
Standards
Korea Conformity Assessment System
Conformity Certification (Radio Waves Act Article 58-2.2)
Technical Regulation : Radio and Telecommunication, SAR, EMC (Low voltage damage)
Conformity Registration(Radio Waves Act Article 58-2.3)
Technical Regulation : EMC (Low voltage damage)
13
EMC Regulation in Korea
•
Products Covered
– In accordance with the regulations of the South Korean KCC, the following products are
covered by the requirements for EMC certification:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
High Frequency equipment for industrial, scientific and medical use
Automobiles and equipment powered by spark ignition engines
Radio receiver equipment
Domestic electrical appliances and electrical power tools
Fluorescent lighting equipment
High voltage equipment and accessories
Information technology equipment
Any other equipment
Test Standards
– Products must comply with the appropriate South Korean standards, which are based on,
but not necessarily identical to, the appropriate CISPR standards.
14
EMC Testing Facilities
15
Typical EMC Test Facilities
Shield room
RS chamber
3m EMI chamber
OATS
30m EMI chamber
10m EMI chamber
16
Typical Semi-Anechoic Chamber (10m)
17
Semi-Anechoic Chamber (10m)
configuration
Antenna mast
1 to 4 m
EUT
direct wave
turntable
Ground plane
18
Semi Anechoic Chamber Information
 General Information
 Dimension : 20m(L) x 12m(W) x 8.5m(H)
 Frequency Range : 30MHz ~ 18GHz
 Site Attenuation (ANSI C63.4), NSA less than ±4dB
 Site Attenuation (CISPR 13), CSA less than ±3dB
 Site Validation (CISPR 16-1-4), SVSWR less than 6dB
 Test Distance : 3m & 10m
 Test Items
 Standards
 Radiated Emission
 ANSI C63.4
 Conducted Emission
 CISPR 13
 CISPR 16-1-4
19
 Cost
 USD 1.7 million(about)
Typical EMC test facilities layout(Top view)
20
EMC test facilities construction procedure(1)
1. Installation of steel structure
2. Installation of shield panel[Floor]
3. Installation of scaffold
4. Installation of shield panel
5. Installation of Door, Filter
6. Performance [SE Test]
[Wall & Ceiling]
21
EMC test facilities construction procedure(2)
7. Installation of Ferrite Tile
8. Installation of Absorbers
9. Installation of Raised floor
10. Installation of Groundplane
11. Finishing; Floor, interior
12. Performance [NSA Test]
22
Typical EMS RS Chamber
23
EMS RS Chamber General Information
 General Information
 Dimension : 9m(L) x 6m(W) x 6m(H)
 Frequency Range : 26MHz ~ 18GHz
 Field Uniformity (IEC 61000-4-3)
: (0 ~ 6)dB, over 75% of a surface
 Polarization : Vertical & Horizontal
 Uniformity Plane : 1.5m x 1.5m
 Height of the antenna : 1.55m
 Test Distance : 3m
 Test Items
 Radiated Susceptibility
 Standards
 IEC 61000-4-3
24
 Cost
 USD 430 thousand(about)
Typical Screen/Shield Rooms
25
Typical Shield Rooms Information
 General Information
 Dimension : 10m(L) x 7.5m(W) x 3m(H)
 Frequency Range : 14kHz ~ 18GHz
 Shielding Effectiveness (IEEE 299)
: more than (60 ~ 100)dB
 Measurement Point : Door, Filter, Ceiling, walls, and ventilator
 Test Items
 Conducted Emission
 Standards
 CISPR 14-1/13/22 etc.
 Disturbance Power
 ESD/EFT/Surge etc.
26
 Cost
 USD 260 thousand(about)
Typical Open-Area Test Sites(OATS)
27
OATS Configuration
28
OATS Information
 General Information
 Frequency Range : 30MHz ~ 1GHz
 Site Attenuation (ANSI C63.4), NSA less than ±4dB
 Test Distance : 3m, 10m & 30m
 Test Items
 Radiated Emission
 Standards
 ANSI C63.4
29
 Cost
 USD 86 thousand(about)
EMC Testing Instruments
Oscilloscope
ESD Generator
EMI test Receiver
LISN
Signal Generator
Spectrum Analyzer
EFT/Surge Generator
Antenna
Network Analyzer
Above equipments are the most commonly used available for performing EMC measurements.
30
EMC Tests
31
Test for Radiated Emission(RE)
• RE Test for EUT
• Frequency Range : 30MHz to 1GHz(Up to 18GHz)
• Standard : CISPR 11, 12, 13, 25, 22… (EN 550XX)
EEC 95/54, SAE J 1113-41
• Major Testing System (Refer to CISPR 16)
– Test Facility : OATS, ALSE, FAR, SAR
Open area test site or alternate test (anechoic chamber)
– Test Equipment : EMI Receiver(Field strength meter with quasi-peak
detector or EMI test receiver), Spectrum Analyzer
– Test Antenna : Loop, Dipole, Log-periodic, Bi-conical Horn (depending
on Frequency & Regulation)
– Other : Turntable, Antenna Master, etc.
32
Limit of RE
33
Test for Conducted Emission(CE)
•
•
•
•
CE Measurement emitting from cable of EUT
Frequency Range : 150kHz to 30MHz
Standards : CISPR 11, 13, 14, 15, 25, 22.. (EN 550XX)
Testing System (Refer to CISPR 16)
– Test Facility : Shielded Room or adequate ground planes
– Test Equipment : EMI Receiver, Spectrum Analyzer(Quasi-peak Average
detector available)
– Other : LISN, etc.
* LISN (Line Impedance Stabilization Network) :
to create a known impedance on power lines of electrical equipment
during electromagnetic interference testing. A LISN is typically designed to
allow for measurements of the electromagnetic interference existing on
the power line.
34
Limit of CE
Conducted Disturbance
at the Mains Ports
Table 1 , 2
Frequency
Range
MHz
dBuV
Class A
Class B
80
Limits dB (uV)
Limits dB (uV)
76
Q.P
Average
Q.P
Average
Disturbance Voltage Injected
into the Mains
79
Calss A (Q.P)
72
73
68
66
0.15 ~ 0.5
79
66
66 ~ 56 *
56 ~ 46
64
0.5 ~ 5
73
60
56
46
60
Calss A (Average)
5 ~ 30
73
60
60
50
56
Calss B (Q.P)
52
* Decreasing Linearly with the Logarithm of the Frequency
50
48
- The lower limit shall apply at the transition frequencies.
- Telecommunication Ports 에 대한 Limit 는 고려중임.
46
44
0.1
Calss B (Average)
0.5
1
5
10
30
100
MHz
35
Test for Radiated Susceptibility(RS)
• Radiated field susceptibility testing typically involves a highpowered source of RF or EM pulse energy and a radiating
antenna to direct the energy at the potential victim or
device under test (DUT).
• Frequency Range : 80 MHz to 1000 MHz
• Test condition : 1-30 V/m (1 kHz CW, 80% AM) , 100 V/m
• Standards : IEC 61000-4-3 (EN 61000-4-3), ISO 11452-2
• Test Facility : FAR
– Test Equipment : Power Amplifier system, Antenna, Field Probe
Sensor, Signal Generator, Directional Coupler, power meter,
– Other : Test software, etc
36
Test for Conducted Susceptibility(CS)
• Conducted voltage and current susceptibility testing typically
involves a high-powered signal or pulse generator, and a current
clamp or other type of transformer to inject the test signal
•
•
•
•
Frequency Range : 150kHz to 80MHz
Test Condition : 1-10V (1kHz CW, 80% AM)
Standards : IEC 61000-4-6 (EN 61000-4-6), ISO 7637
Test System
– Test Facility : Shield Room
– Test Equipment : Power Amplifier system, Signal Generator,
Directional Coupler, power meter, CDN, Current Clamp
– Other : Test software, etc
37
Test for Electrostatic Discharge(ESD)
• ESD is a serious issue in solid state electronics, such as integrated
circuits. Integrated circuits are made from semiconductor materials
such as silicon and insulating materials such as silicon dioxide.
Either of these materials can suffer permanent damage when
subjected to high voltages; as a result, there are now a number of
antistatic devices that help prevent static build up.
• Test Condition(input voltage) : 8kV(Air Discharge), 4kV(Contact
Discharge), Max 25kV
• Standard : IEC 61000-4-2 (EN 61000-4-2), ISO 10605
• Test System
– Test Facility : Shield Room
– Test Equipment : ESD Simulator, Coupling Plane
– Other : Capacitors, Resistors, etc
38
Thank You So Much !!!
39