Nomadic Challenges
CHAPTER 14
Years
• 907-1118
1235-1279
• 1037-1194
1236-1240
• 1115-1234
1240-1241
• 1126
1253
• 1206
1260-1294
• 1215
1271-1295
• 1219-1223
1271-1368
• 1227
1290’s
• 1234
1336-1405
Years
• 907-1118
1235-1279
• 1037-1194
1236-1240
• 1115-1234
1240-1241
• 1126
1253
• 1206
1260-1294
• 1215
1271-1295
• 1219-1223
1271-1368
• 1227
1290’s
• 1234
1336-1405
Years Quiz
• Chinggis Chan 1206
• Khitan in N China 907-1118
• 1037-1194 Seljuk Turks
• 1115-1234 Jurchens (Qin dynasty) rules n China
• 1126 Song Dynasty flees to S China
Mongols
• 1215 Mongols first attack N China
• First invade Russia and Islamic world
•
•
•
•
•
•
1227 Chinngis Khan dies
Mongols take N China
Mongols take S China
Mongols take Russia
Mongols invade western Europe
Mongols conquer Seljuk Turks
Mongols
• 1260-1294 Kublai Khan’s reign
• 1271-1295 Marco Polo
• 1271-1368 Reign of Yuan (Mongols) in China
• 1290’s Guns
• 1336-1405 Life of Timur
Mongolian life
• Nomadic WHY?
• What did children learn?
• What advantages does this give the Mongols?
• Tribes divided into clans
• Men gained political power through courage and diplomacy
• Free men voted on leaders (held office as long as you could)
• Women had high authority in the household
Genghis Khan
• Chinggis Khan (Temujin)
• Father died he was abandoned
and captured
• Experiences help him gain fame
• Elected supreme Mongol ruler in
1206
• Builds his capital at Karakorum
(Mongolia)
Military
•
Boys are taught to:
• Ride, hunt and fight
•
Weapons
• Powerful short bows
• Hatchets
• Canons (bronze)
•
Entirely cavalry (speed and mobility)
• Army is divided
• Tumen (10,000 men)
• Heavy and light cavalry
• Spies
•
IF YOU WERE IN CHARGE OF AN ARMY HOW WOULD YOU FIGHT?
•
WHAT WOULD YOU DO AFTER YOU CONQUER PEOPLE?
Conquest
• Start by conquering
• Tangut Kingdom
• Qin Kingdom (Jurchens)
• What gave the Mongol invaders an advantage?
• Tactics
• Pretended to flee WHY?
• Cities that resist are totally destroyed WHY?
• Inhabitants are killed or made slaves
• You submit before war you survive and have to pay tribute
Death of Chinggis Khan
• Under his rule
• Shamanism was main religion
• But open to others
• Build an administrative structure and legal code (never finished)
• Devise a Mongolian script
• Trade was encouraged
• Dies in 1227
• Kingdom divided among 3 sons and a grandson
• Ogedei chosen as grand Khan
After Genghis
• Golden Horde
• Start invading Russia
• Ilkhan Khanate
• Invades Muslim heartland
Russia
• Mongols used Russia as practice on way to W Europe
• At time of invasion
• Divided into small kingdoms after decline of Kiev
• Why is this a disadvantage?
• How were they able to carry out the only successful winter
invasion of Russia?
• Russians called this Mongol-Turkic group Tartars (Tatars)
Rise of Russia
• Peasants suffer greatly
• WHY?
• Many Princes gain wealth from trade
•
•
•
•
Particularly Moscow
Trade exceeded tribute and it was a tribute collector
Helped lead to decline of Golden Horde
After the death of Ogedei, expansion into W Europe is stopped
WHY?
Mongol effects on Russia
• Allowed Orthodox religion to flourish
• Helped Moscow rise to power
• Protected them from European invaders
• Cut off Russia from Western transformations that led to
movements like the Renaissance and the Reformation
Muslim assault
• Genghis Khan some thought was Prester John
• Europeans at first were happy WHY?
• Hulegu (Genghis grandson)
• Defeat Seljuk Turks 1243
• Sacks Baghdad 1258 (Fall of Abbasid Dynasty)
• 1260 Mamluks in Egypt
• Defeat Mongols
Kublai Khan
• Becomes khan in 1260
• Leads campaign against
the Song Dynasty
• 1271
• Changes name of Mongol
dynasty in China to
YUAN
Yuan control
• Chinese scholars can’t learn Mongol script WHY?
• No intermarriage
• Military (Chinese and Mongol) kept apart WHY?
• Only women from nomadic families chosen for harem WHY?
• Discontinued the use of the exam system WHY?
Yuan Admin
• Mongol women
• Remained independent
• Rights of property continue
• Don’t adopt foot binding
• Merchants and artisans
• Benefit from Yuan rule
WHY?
• Open to new ideas and fascinated with
learning
• Marco Polo welcomed
Ming Dynasty
• Kublai Khan dies 1294
• Mongol Empire collapses
• Ju Yuanzhang (peasant)
• Leads revolt
• Founded Ming Dynasty
Timur
• Turk that conquered Eurasia (1370-1405)
• Fertile Crescent
• S Russia
• India
• Worse than the Mongols
• Covered less territory
• Didn’t increase trade
• Provided no peace