The Mongols
Background and effects
Background
Chronology
of the
Mongol
Empire
• 1206-1227
Reign of Chinggis Khan
• 1211-1234
Conquest of northern China
• 1219-1221
Conquest of Persia
• 1237-1241
Conquest of Russia
• 1258
Capture of Baghdad
• 1264-1279
Conquest of southern China
Mongolian Conquests
First Period - 1206
Mongolian Conquests
Second Period 1206 - 1219
Mongolian Conquests
Third Period 1219 - 1223
Mongolian Conquests
Fourth Period 1223 – 1227
Death of Chinggis Khan
Mongolian Conquests
Fifth Period 1227 - 1237
Mongolian Conquests
Sixth Period 1237 - 1259
The Mongols and the
Eurasian Empire
• Built ??? Stretching from ??? To ???
• 13.8 million square miles
• ??? People under Mongol rule
The Mongol Empire at its height
Who were the Mongols?
• From ???
• Nomadic peoples
• United under ????
(or Chinggis Khan)
• “Courage Culture”
– WHAT IS THIS?
Inner Eurasia
Steppe
Outer Eurasia
The Steppe
How would you
characterize this
region?
Temujin
• Born ???
• Fatherless
• Master of ????
• Courage in battle, making
???, threats of ???,
deception, trickery, and
clan ???
Temujin
• Warlike and
merciless
• Fighting wasn’t
enough – only
winning was
important
• 1206 CE – made
“Chinggis Khan”
or ???
“Man’s greatest joy is in
victory: to conquer one’s
enemies, to pursue them,
to deprive them of their
possessions, to make
their beloved weep, to
ride on their horses, and
to embrace their wives
and daughters…”
Mongol Art of War
• Large, mobile ???
• Expert ???
• Use of ???
• All soldiers ???
• Battle tactics – used ???
A “ger” or “yurt”
Mongol Art of War
• “Cutting Edge Weapons”
• Accurate and powerful ???
• Highly protective ???
• Use of ???
Psychological Warfare
• Mongols would slaughter the inhabitants of a
few cities. WHY???
Historian John
Fairbank:
“By putting cities
to the sword, they
let terror run
ahead of them.”
A Persian Observer from the
13th century:
“In one stroke, a world which billowed with
fertility was laid desolate, and the regions
thereof became a desert, and the greater
part of the living and their skin and bones
crumbling in the dust; and the mighty were
humbled and immersed in the calamities of
perdition…”
Background
• After the death of Chinggis Khan, problems
with??? Led to ???
Effects of Mongol Rule
• Effects on Eurasia
• Pax Mongolia – under the Mongols there was:
1. Unprecedented ???
2. Widespread exchange of ???
3. Widespread ??? Mongols were ???
4. Stable government based on ??
5. Establishment of ??? (Yasa)
6. Religious ???
Mongol Effects on Eurasia
• Black Plague
• Mongols used ??? As ??? At the
Battle of Kalla
• Spread disease to Western Europe
• How???
BUT the Mongols did not
produce:
1. Any technological breakthroughs
2. A new religion
3. Many written books
4. Any permanent structures (other than
bridges)
5. Any architectural achievements
Mongol Effects on Europe
• Western Europe
• Mongols turned away from ??? Which
means ???
• W.E. gains due to ???
• Strong relationship between ??? Led to???
• Increased trade (Where?) led to spread of
???
Mongol Effects on Europe
• Eastern Europe
1. Mongols
defeated ???
Because ???
2. Eastern Europe
was ???
So…???
Mongol Effects on Europe
• Russia
1. Mongol defeat of ??? In 1224 puts
Russian people under Mongol rule
2. Most cities ???, rest had to ???
3. Local Russian rulers were ???
• Few ??? In Russia. WHY???
Mongol Effects on Europe
• Rise of Muscovy (Moscow)
• Mongol destruction of ??? Leads to ???
• Moscow becomes ???
• Ivan III defeats the Mongols in 1480,
Mongol rule over Russia ends
• Mongol rule limited ??? Leads to:
1. ???
2. ???
Mongol Effects on Japan
and Korea
• Mongols fail to conquer
Japan
• Tried to ???
• Mongol rule – little to no
effect on Japan
• Korea – Mongols defeated
the Koryo dynasty
• Economy and ???
Suffered. WHY??
• Ruling family ??? But
Mongols ???
Mongol Effects on SE Asia
• Mongols conquered
??? And Laos but
???
• Failed to conquer
Vietnam – WHY???
• Mongols encouraged
Chinese merchants
to ??? – WHY???
Vietnam defeats
Mongols
Mongol Effects on SW
Asia
• Muslim societies of SW Asia had ???
• Baghdad ?? And Abbasid Empire ???
• Mongols controlled Islamic world from ??? To
???
• What ISLAMIC areas remained outside of
Mongol control?
• Mongol rule allowed ??? Culture after ???
Mongol Effects on China
• Mongols defeat ??? And establish the Yuan
Dynasty
• Abolished ??? WHY???
• But continued ???
• Promoted trade and commerce – Led to ???
• Encouraged the movement of ???
• Supported ??? How??
• But….????
Cultural Effects of the Yuan Dynasty
• Protected Mongol identity
1. Forbidding Mongols to
???
2. Chinese were forbidden
???
3. Mongols did not accept
???
4. Opted instead to ??? –
Led to??
• Religious toleration
encouraged
Social Effects of the Yuan
Dynasty
• New Social Hierarchy – based on ???, put ???
At the bottom
• Han Chinese were ???
• But….???
• Women – were expected to ???, rejected ???
• But….???
Kublai Khan
• Grandson of ???
• Well-educated
• Preferred ??? – Not ???
• Extends ??? To Beijing
• Wanted to appear more ???
• Chinese and foreign advisors –
like ???
• In private ???
Marco Polo en route to China
How does
this look
sinicized?
Fall of the Yuan Dynasty
• Shortest-lived of the major Chinese Dynasties
(1264CE to 1368 CE)
• Decline caused by:
1. Series of weak rulers
2. Lack of cohesion due to ???
3. Chinese never ???
4. High ???
5. ???
Fall of the Yuan Dynasty
• Overthrown by
Zhu Yuanzhang
(When???)
• Buddhist monk
• Establishes ???