Body Systems
• All the parts of your body are composed
of individual units called cells. Examples
are muscle, nerve, skin (epithelial), and
bone cells.
• Similar cells grouped together are
tissues. Groups of muscle cells are
muscle tissue, and groups of epithelial
cells are epithelial tissue.
Body Systems
• Collections of different tissues working together
are organs. An organ, such as the stomach, has
specialized tissues, such as muscle, epithelial
(lining of internal organs and outer layer of skin
cells), and nerve, that help the organ function.
• Groups of organs working together are the
systems of the body. The digestive system, for
example, includes the mouth, throat (pharynx),
esophagus, stomach, and intestines, which bring
food into the body, break it down, and deliver it
to the bloodstream.
Level of organization
A. cell
The cell is the fundamental unit of all living things. Cells are everywhere
in the human body- every tissue. Every organ is made up of these
individual.
Major parts of the cell:
•Cell membrane
•Nucleus
•Chromosomes
•Cytoplasm
•Mitochondria
Some types of the cells:
•Muscle cell
•Nerve cell
•Epithelial cell
•Fat cell
B. Tissues
A tissue is a group of cell working together to do a specific job. A histologist is
scientist who specializes in the study of tissues.
Some Types of tissues:
•Epithelial tissue
Epithelial was originally used to describe the tissue that covers the outside of
the body and lines the inner surface of internal organs.
•Muscle tissue:
Voluntary and involuntary.
•Connective tissue:
Example: are fat (adipose tissue), cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to
bone).
•nerve tissue:
Conduct impulses all over the body.
C.Organs:
Composed of several kinds of tissue.
D. system:
Systems are groups of organs working together to
perform complex function.
Body cavity
A body cavity is a space within the body that contains internal organs.
1 Cranial cavity
2. Spinal cavity
3. Thoracic cavity
•Diaphragm
4. Abdominal cavity
5. Pelvic cavity
1. The cranial cavity: is located in the head and
surrounded by the skull. It contains the brain and
other organs, such as the pituitary gland.
2. The thoracic cavity: also known as the chest
cavity . It is surrounded by the breastbone and
ribs. The lungs, heart, windpipe (trachea),
bronchial tubes are in this cavity. The large area
between the lungs is the mediastinum
- Pleural cavity: The lungs are each surrounded by a
double membrane known as the pleura, the
space between the pleural membranes is the
pleural cavity.
3. Abdominal cavity: is the space below the
thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is the muscle
that separates the abdominal and thoracic
cavities. Organs in the abdomen include the
stomach, liver, gallbladder, and small and large
intestines.
The organs in the abdomen are covered by a
double membrane called the peritoneum. The
peritoneum attaches the abdominal organs to
the abdominal muscles and surrounds each
organ to hold it in place.
4 . pelvic cavity: locates below the abdominal
cavity. It is surrounded by the pelvis(bones of
the hip). The major organs located within the
pelvic cavity are the urinary bladder, ureters
,urethra, rectum, and anus, and the uterus in
females
5. Spinal cavity: is the space surrounded by the
spinal column(backbones). The spinal cord is
the nervous tissue within the spinal cavity.
Nerves enter and leave the spinal cord and
carry messages to and from all parts of the
body.
Division of the abdomen into quadrants:
•Right upper quadrants
(R.U.Q)
•Left upper quadrants
(L.U.Q)
•Right lower quadrants
(R.L.Q)
•Left lower quadrants
(L.L.Q)
Region of the thorax and abdomen:
1. Right hypo-chondriac region
2. Left hypo-chondriac region
3. Epigastric region
4. Right lumber region
5. Left lumber region
6. Umbilical region
7. Right iliac region
8. Left iliac region
9. Hypogastric region
Divisions of the Back
• The spinal column is a long row of bones from
the neck to the tailbone. Each bone in the
spinal column is called a vertebra(backbone).
Two or more bones are called vertebrae.
• A piece of flexible connective tissue, called a
disk(or disc), lies between each backbone. The
disk is a cushion between the bones.
Division of the back (spinal column)
•7 cervical vertebre (neck)
•12 thoracic (chest) vertebre
•5 lumber vertebre
•5 Sacrum
•1 or 4 coccyx
Planes of the Body
Planes of the Body
• A plane is an imaginary
flat surface.
1. Frontal (coronal) plane:
• A vertical plane that
divides the body, or body
part such as an organ,
into front and back
portions. Anatomically,
anterior means the front
portion and posterior
means the back portion.
Sagittal (lateral) plane
• A vertical plane that divides
the body or organ into right
and left sides. The
midsagittal plane divides
the body vertically into right
and left halves.
Transverse (axial) plane
• A horizontal plane that
divides the body or organ
into upper and lower
portions, as in a cross
section.(Think of cutting a
long loaf of French bread into
circular sections.)
Positional and directional terms planes of the body
Exercise Time
abdomen (abdominal cavity) pelvis
mediastinum
spinal column
spinal cord
diaphragm
peritoneum
vertebra
disk (disc)
pleura pelvis
1.The bones of the hip are the…..
2. The muscle separating the chest and the abdomen is the..
3. The membrane surrounding the organs in the abdomen is
the……
4. The membrane surrounding the lungs is the….
5. The space between the lungs in the chest is the…..
6. The space that contains organs such as the stomach, liver,
gallbladder, and intestines is the…
7. The backbones are the ….
8. The nerves running down the back form the….
9. A single backbone is a….
10. A piece of cartilage in between two backbones is a….
abdomen (abdominal cavity) pelvis
spinal column
spinal cord
vertebra
disk (disc)
pleura
mediastinum
diaphragm
1.The bones of the hip are the pelvis.
2. The muscle separating the chest and the abdomen is the.
diaphragm.
3. The membrane surrounding the organs in the abdomen is the…
peritoneum.
4. The membrane surrounding the lungs is the… pleura.
5. The space between the lungs in the chest is the mediastinum.
6. The space that contains organs such as the stomach, liver,
gallbladder, and intestines is the abdomen (abdominal cavity).
7. The backbones are the spinal column .
8. The nerves running down the back form the spinal cord .
9. A single backbone is a vertebra.
10. A piece of cartilage in between two backbones is a disk (disc).
Name the five divisions of the spinal column
from the neck to the tailbone
•
•
•
•
•
1. c ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
2. t ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3. l ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4. s ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
5. c ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4.
sacral 5. coccygeal
•
•
•
•
•
1. c ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
2. t ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3. l ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4. s ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
5. c ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
anterior frontal (coronal) plane
sagittal plane
cartilage
MRI
transverse (axial) plane
CT scan
posterior
• 1. Pertaining to the back
• 2. Pertaining to the front
• 3. A plane that divides the body into an upper and a lower
part
• 4. An image of the body using magnetic waves; all three
planes of the body are
• viewed
• 5. A plane that divides the body into right and left parts
• 6. Flexible connective tissue found between bones at joints
• 7. A plane that divides the body into front and back parts
• 8. Series of cross-sectional x-ray images
1.posterior 4. MRI 7. frontal (coronal) plane
2. anterior 5. sagittal plane 8. CT scan
3. transverse (axial) plane 6. cartilage
• 1. Pertaining to the back
• 2. Pertaining to the front
• 3. A plane that divides the body into an upper and a
lower part
• 4. An image of the body using magnetic waves; all three
planes of the body are viewed
• 5. A plane that divides the body into right and left parts
• 6. Flexible connective tissue found between bones at
joints
• 7. A plane that divides the body into front and back parts
• 8. Series of cross-sectional x-ray images