The Main Ideas of
Geography
of Continents and
Oceans.
What must you know?
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The greater part of the Earth’s surface is occupied by oceans,
the smaller – by land. The total surface area of the Earth is
510 million sq km. The area of the land is 149 million sq km,
which is only 29% of the surface of the globe.
There are 6 Parts
of the World
There are 6
Continents
Africa
Australia
Antarctica
America
Europe
Asia
Africa
Australia
Antarctica
North America
South America
Eurasia
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The oceans are linked and are really but one great ocean called the world
ocean. There are five oceans on the globe: the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic
Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Southern Ocean. Large
landmasses, surrounded by oceans and seas are called main lands or
continents. The largest continent is Eurasia. The largest ocean is the Pacific
Ocean. The warmest ocean is the Indian Ocean. The smallest and the
coldest ocean is the Arctic Ocean.
Продажи,
land, 149,
29%
Продажи,
the Pacific
Ocean,
180, 35%
Продажи, the
Arctic
Ocean, 13,
3%
Продажи,
the Indian
Ocean, 75,
15%
Продажи, the
Atlantic
Ocean, 93,
18%
Maps are divided
By scope of
the territory
By contains
By scale
• Maps of the world and hemispheres
• Maps of the separate continents
• Maps of the parts of the continents
• Topographical maps
• All geographical maps
• Special maps
• Complex maps
• Large scale maps
• Medium scale maps
• Small scale maps
The History of Maps.

The first primitive drawings looking like maps
appeared long before people learned to write.
Archeologists still find them on the walls of the
caves, mammoth tusks and wooden tables. The most
ancient pictures of areas were made 10-15 thousand
years ago.

Cartography as a science
appeared in ancient Greece.
In the III century BC a famous
mathematician and
geographer Eratosthenes
counted the length of the
circumference of the Globe at
the meridian. He made up the
map of dry land known in
those times and showed
meridians and parallels on it.
Another mathematician,
astronomer and cartographer
Claudius Ptolemy, who lived in
Alexandria in the II century
AD, made a book called “The
Guide in Geography”. The
book determined the
development of cartography
until the XV century.
Lithosphere.

Lithosphere is an outer layer of the earth
crust 10 or 100 km deep, ¼ of which forms
land and ¾ - form oceanic bottom. It consists
of 13 blocks, seven of which are very large. These
blocks include the earth crust of the continents
and oceans. Deep rifts separate the blocks from
one another. In the places, where continental
blocks come together, there are mountains. The
blocks can move 1-6 sm a year. The movement of
the blocks is connected with the movement of
the mantle of the earth. Between the blocks of
lithosphere there are active volcanoes and the
earthquakes are frequent. These regions are called
seismic belts.
Relief of the Earth.

Large territories of the dry land and oceanic cavities,
vast plains and mountain ranges form an unusual
surface of the Earth, different in size. Roughness of
the Earth’s surface, which differs, origin, and age,
is called the relief. The largest forms of the relief on
the Earth are continents and oceanic bottom. We
distinguish two forms of relief on the continents:
plains and mountains, and on the oceanic bottom –
plains, mountains and oceanic cavities. The disposition
of them depends on peculiarities of the earth crust.
The earth crust consists of three layers (sedimentary,
granitic and basaltic) on the continent and two layers
(sedimentary and basaltic) on the oceanic bottom.
Climate.
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One of the main components of nature is climate. Climate is
the total sum of weather during the period of years. The
elements of climate are: temperature, rainfalls, atmospheric
pressure and winds. There are four reasons, which influence
climate:
geographical position;
relief;
oceanic currents;
circulation of atmosphere.
All the elements of climate are different in different parts of
the globe. It depends on the belts of atmospheric pressure.
There are three belts of low pressure and four belts of high
pressure. The belts of atmospheric pressure form as the
result of the distribution of sun warmth on the surface of the
Earth and the influence of the rotation of the sun round its
axis.
Air Masses.
Air masses are large scopes of air of troposphere with
the same qualities.
There are four types of air masses on the Earth:
 equatorial;
 tropical;
 temperate;
 arctic and antarctic.
While moving the air masses conserve their qualities and
determine the weather of the places they come to. The
predominant winds depend on the disposition of the belts of
the atmospheric pressure. There are trade winds and west
wind. They are constant. Monsoons are the winds of season
character. The belts of pressure and air masses can move. The
system of large air currents we call circulation of
atmosphere.
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There are 13 climatic belts. They have
different temperature conditions and air
masses.
Main
Equatorial
2 Tropical
2 Temperate
Arctic
Antarctic
Transitional
Subequatorial
2 Subtropical
Subarctic
Subantarctic
Natural complex.
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Natural complex is a plot of the surface of the Earth, which
differs with peculiarities of natural components. All the natural
components are connected with each other. If we change one of
them, the other changes too. The difference of natural complexes
depends on mountain systems, relief and climate. Natural complex
can be large or small. Continents are the largest natural complexes
on the dry land.
Natural complexes form in the oceans too. They consist of the
following components: water with soluble gases, plants, animals,
rocks and the relief of the bottom. The world ocean is a huge
natural complex. We can also find other natural complexes: oceans,
seas, bays, straits, rivers, lakes and so on. There are many natural
complexes both in the oceans and on the dry land.
Natural complexes on the dry land and in the oceans change in
different directions: from the north to the south, from the
coastlines far into the land, from the foot of the mountain to its
top. It depends on climate, the structure of the earth crust,
peculiarities of water masses and other reasons, which influence on
the formation of natural complexes.
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Natural zone is a large natural complex,
which has common temperature
conditions, moisture, soils, vegetation
and animal world. Natural zones are on
the dry land and in the oceans too.
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Natural zones on the
continent
Arctic deserts
Tundra and forest–tundra
Taiga
Mixed and deciduous forests
Steppes and forest-steppes
Deserts and semi-deserts
Savannahs and rare forests
Tough evergreen forests and shrubs
Monsoon forests
Wet evergreen forests
High altitude zone
Natural belts of the World Ocean
North pole
North sub pole
North temperate
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North subtropical
North tropical
Equatorial
South tropical
South subtropical
South temperate
South sub pole
South pole
High Altitude Zone.
We can see the changing of natural zones
not only on the continents and oceans, but
in the mountains as well. Temperature,
pressure and rainfalls change on the height
over the sea level. We can find different
natural belts in the mountains.
Are you sure you know it?
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the continents of the globe
the parts of the world.
the total area of the dry land
the total area of the Earth
the geographical maps by scope of the territory.
the geographical maps by contains
lithosphere
the relief
climate
the elements of climate
air masses
all the kinds of air masses
all the main climatic belts
all the transitional climatic belts
natural complex
the components of natural complex of the dry land
natural belts of the world ocean
natural zones of the dry land