Heart Anatomy
Circulatory System
• Structures: Heart,
Blood vessels, blood
• Function: Brings
oxygen, nutrients
and hormones to
cells; fights
infection; regulates
body temperature.
Blood Vessels:
•
•
•
Carry blood to cells
Lined with smooth muscle tissue
Three kinds:
1. Arteries
2. Capillaries
3. Veins
Arteries
• Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the
rest of the body.
• Always move away from the heart:
• A = Away
• Thicker, more elastic and better reinforced with
smooth muscle
Capillaries
• Branch off of the Arteries
• The smallest of the blood vessels
• Takes blood to cells and allows for easy
diffusion.
Veins
• Takes deoxygenated blood from the
capillaries back to the heart
• Contain lower pressure blood traveling
more slowly: walls are thinner and vessels
contain valves to prevent backflow of
blood for gravity.
Blood Flow &Pressure
1. Valves help veins
compensate for low
blood pressure by
preventing the
backflow of blood.
Label: Oxygenated, Deoxygenated, Capillaries, Veins,
Arteries, Blood Vessels
• From Heart
To Heart
Oxygenated
Deoxygenated
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Blood Vessels
Sponge: No Heart
No Circulatory System
Closed Circulatory System
Two
Chamber
Three
Chamber
Four
Chamber
The Human Heart
General Terminology to Remember:
• Arteries:
• Veins:
General Terminology to Remember:
• Arteries: Away from Heart
• Veins: Towards Heart
General Terminology to Remember:
• Pulmonary:
• Valves:
General Terminology to Remember:
• Pulmonary: Lungs
• Valves: prevents backflow of blood
1. Vena Cava deoxyg Vein that collects blood from
enated upper and lower body, into
the right atrium
2. Right
Atrium
deoxyge Upper right chamber of heart
nated that receives blood from
vena cava
3. Tricuspid
Valve
deoxyg Keeps blood in Right
enated Ventricle from flowing back
into the Right Atrium
4. Right
Ventricle
deoxyge Chamber that receives blood
nated from right atrium and pumps
it to pulmonary artery
(towards lungs)
5. Pulmonary deoxyg Allows blood to leave Right
Semilunar
enated Ventricle and enter
Valve
Pulmonary Arteries
6. Pulmonary deoxyg Carries blood from the right
Artery
enated ventricle of the heart to the
lungs
Lungs - Deoxygenated blood can be
oxygenated, also CO2 will diffuse
out of blood into lungs to be
released into atmosphere.
7. Pulmonary oxygen Vein that carries blood from
Vein
ated the lungs to the left atrium of
the heart
8. Left
Atrium
oxygen Upper left chamber of heart
ated that receives blood from the
pulmonary veins
9. Bicuspid
oxygen Allow blood flow between left
Valve (Mitral) ated atrium and left Ventricle
http://www.hhmi.org/biointe
ractive/heart-function
10. Left
Ventricle
oxygen Left chamber that receives
ated blood from left atrium and
contracts to force blood into
aorta
11. Aortic
Semilunar
Valve
oxygen Allows blood to leave Left
ated Ventricle and enter Aorta
12. Aorta
oxygen Carries blood from the left
ated ventricle of the heart to all of
the body (not lungs)
Body -- Oxygenated blood can be delivered to
body tissues (ex: muscles, nerves, etc),
also CO2 will diffuse out of body
tissues into blood.
Interventricular
Septum
Adipose
-- Wall that separates right and
left Ventricle: prevents
oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood from
mixing.
-- Fat that surrounds the heart
From Body
To Body
Aorta
Pulmonary Artery
Superior Vena Cava
From Lungs
Pulmonary Artery
To Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Bicuspid valve
Tricuspid Valve
Aortic Valve
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava
Descending Aorta
Interventricular Septum
Blood Flow &Pressure
Blood flow is affected by:
2. Pressure = Increase
blood flow
3. Resistance = Decrease
blood flow
A. Resistance is controlled
by changing the
diameter of the blood
vessels, by contracting /
relaxing smooth muscle.
Blood Flow &Pressure
4. Blood pressure is arterial pressure.
A. Systolic blood pressure = peak blood pressure
during ventricular contraction.
B. Diastolic blood pressure = minimum blood
pressure at end of ventricular contraction.
5. What is an average (typical) blood pressure
value?
systolic:
diastolic:
120
80
Main Factors that are thought
to
cause
high
blood
pressure:
1. Smoking
2. Being overweight/obese and/or
lack of physical activity
3. Dietary: too much salt, too
much alcohol
Main Factors that are thought
to
cause
high
blood
pressure:
4. Stress
5. Older age
6. Genetics: family history of high
blood pressure
7. Chronic kidney disease: if extra
solutes are left in blood, water is
drawn into blood from tissues.
8. Adrenal and thyroid disorders
 Excessive Hormones increase
blood pressure (pregnancy)
High Blood Pressure leads to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Strokes
Heart Attacks
Kidney Failure
Pulmonary Embolism
Atherosclerosis
The pacemaker is influenced by
Nerves, hormones, body temperature, and exercise
Learn to take blood pressure
• Blood Pressure Lab
• Lab Groups of 3-4 people
Using a Sphygmomanometer to Measure Arterial
Blood Pressure Indirectly
Using a Sphygmomanometer to
Measure Arterial Blood Pressure Indirectly
Materials: Stethoscope, Sphygmomanometer, Alcohol swab
Procedures:
1. Work with a lab partner.
2. Clean the earpieces of the stethoscope with alcohol. Get all air out of the blood pressure cuff
by opening the pressure valve and compressing the cuff against the lab table.
3. Close the pressure valve.
4. The subject should sit comfortably with left arm resting on a table (approximately heart level).
5. Wrap the cuff around the subjects arm just above the elbow, with inflatable area on the medial
arm surface.
6. Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope just under the cuff at the medial distal portion of the
arm (right over the brachial artery – you may feel for this).
7. Inflate the cuff to approximately 150mmHg (NOTE: do not leave inflated for more than 1
minute, if you have trouble deflate the cuff , wait 1-2 minutes, and try again.
8. Slowly release the pressure valve.
9. Watch the pressure gauge as you listen for the first soft thudding sounds of blood spurting
through the partially blocked artery. The first noise or bounce of the needle is the systolic
pressure.
10. Continue to slowly release the cuff pressure. Watch the bouncing needle and listen for the
sounds of the heart. Note the diastolic pressure, the pressure at which the sound disappears.
11. Record systolic and diastolic.
12. Repeat steps 7-10 recording BP : while standing, then after running in place for 1 min.
CLEAN UP: Clean the earpieces of the stethoscope with alcohol