ROME
Part 1
The Environment
THE LAND
CLIMATE
o “The Boot” – Peninsula
o Similar to Greece
o More land for farming than
Greece
BODIES OF WATER
o Tiber River
o Mediterranean Sea
MOUNTAINS
o The Alps (Northern)
o Apennine Mountain
range divides Italy east
from west.
o Not as mountainous as
Greek mountains.
Carthage
“Rome Before Rome”
Greeks
Etruscans
o Hellenistic Era has huge
impact on Rome. What
was spread by
Alexander again?
o Sculpture, architecture,
and literature, passed
on Phoenician
alphabet
o Find Rome a village
but leave it a city
o Toga
o Army structure
Roman Daily Life
IN EARLY TIMES
600 B.C. to c.1 A.D.
o The Twelve Tables (Innocent till proven
guilty)
o Hmm… is it really innocent till proven
guilty or Guilty till proven innocent?
o Patriarchal Society
o Paterfamilias (The dominant male
figure) was in charge
o Women: Take care of house and have
kids
THE IMPERIAL AGE
c.1 A.D. to C. 500 A.D.
o Women gained more power
o Could Own land
o Could Have Jobs
o The Forum: was the
main marketplace and
business center
o Busy place with a lot
going on…
o Shopping, trading,
speaking?
o Like the Greeks, the
Romans liked to argue
persuasively
Roman Social Classes
o
Initially, Patricians and
Patricians
o Plebeians
Wealthy could not
marry one another.
o Land owners who
o Both
classes
could
vote
became
Rome’s
ruling
but
only the patricians
class.
could hold office.
o Had power to hold
o Would
bepositions
a reason
higher this
office
for concern?
Plebeians
o The struggle between
o these
Middle/Lower
Classon
two will drag
centuries,
o for
Small
farmers,but will
eventually
to
merchants,lead
craftspeople
political gains for the
plebeians.
Education in Rome
School Lessons
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
School was not free.
Reading, Writing and
Counting
Read scrolls - books.
Wrote on boards
covered with wax
They used pebbles to
do math problems.
Learned Roman
numerals
Recited lessons had to
be memorized.
Moral Lessons
o Education Goal: Effective
speaking
o A Roman boy's education
took place at home.
o Roman law
o History
o Customs
o Physical training- to
prepare for war.
o Obedience to authority
and truthfulness were the
most important lessons to
be taught.
Government
First, what is the difference
between a
DEMOCRACY & REPUBLIC?
The Rise of the Republic
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Consuls
Praetors
Quaestors
Aediles
Tribunes of the
Plebs
VI. Censors
VII. Senate
VIII. Centuriate
Assembly
IX. Council of the
Plebs
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Ran government, ran armies
Administered Laws -JudgeFinancial director -TreasurerBuilding and Maintenance
Duty: Protect Plebs-Civil Rights
Ex: (Intermarriage)
VI. Census of property & citizens
VII. 300 serve for life- advise/pass
VIII. Org. by classes based on
wealth. Fixed for majority. War?
IX. Tribune and Council worked
together to pass laws
concerning Plebs.
Senatus Populus Que Romanus
(Senate and the People of Rome)
Conquest of the Mediterranean
THE PUNIC WARS
(264 B.C.- 146 B.C.)
Between Rome & Carthage
1st Punic War
Battle over Sicily
2nd Punic War
Battle for Rome
3rd Punic War
Battle for Carthage
Where is Carthage?
1st Punic War
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Romans send army to Sicily
Carthage believes Sicily is theirs
Fight occurs over Sicily
Romans -Land Power
Carthage -Naval Power
Romans realize the same thing as YOU!
Romans need a Navy!
Carthaginian ship washes ashore.
Romans use design and create their own Navy with innovations
o Gangplank: Hook on to another ship for soldiers to board the
opposing ship
o Corvus- Bridge that attached to other ships.
o Romans win- gain Sicily as a province
2nd & 3rd Punic War
o Carthaginian General, Hannibal, seeks
revenge
o Hannibal crosses into Spain, through the Alps
and into Italy.
o Hannibal invades Italy but can’t lay siege to
the city. (Many were lost crossing the Alps)
o “We will either find a way, or make one.”
Hannibal
o Scipio Africanus decides to invade Carthage
rather than fight Hannibal in Italy.
o Carthage recalls Hannibal
o Hannibal is attacked from multiple directions,
and is defeated, on the trip home.
o As a result, Rome takes Spain and later would
take Carthage (3rd Punic War)
Map of the 2nd Punic War
Roman Architecture
Buildings
Construction
around
70
Romanbegan
road in
Pompeii
Vespasian
and
was
Photo by Paul
Vlaar
o The Colosseum was built of under
concrete
completed in 80 under Titus. It
(an ancient Roman invention)
remained in use for 500 years.
o Romans create apartments (Insulae)
Roads
o Instead of building new roads, modern engineers
simply covered the ancient roads coat of asphalt.
Aqueducts
o As cities grew, the ancient Romans needed more
fresh water.
o Where aqueducts had to cross valleys, some were
built above ground, on arches. (The Pont du Gard)
o Aqueducts had to be positioned at a relatively
constant gradient for dozens of miles.
o Imagine trying to build something that drops by only
100 feet in 40 miles....
Aqueducts
pipes
The
Roman
waterway
which brought
water
toClay
private
The
entire
system system,
was gravity-fed.
Veryfresh
subtle
gradients
(lower
right)
homes as well
asflow
public
and
fountains, was
of the
maintained
the
ofbaths
water.
Occasionally,
a one
system
of
into
engineering
marvels
the
ancient world.
The
Romans
also
pressurized
pipe,
calledofan
inverted
siphon,
was
usedtapped
to push
Aqua from
Claudia
developed indoor plumbing and sewers to carry waste away
the water a short distance uphill.
Photo by
homes.
Wilke Schram
Similar
aqueducts
were
constructed
all over the
empire.
Some are
still in use
today.
Roman aqueduct, ca. 19 BCE, Pont du Gard, France
Trajan’s Forum
112 - 113
A.D.
126
Today it is a functioning church, known as Chiesa di Santa Maria ad Martyres.
A.D.
The Pantheon
Rain water appears on the Pantheon floor when it rains outside, as it comes in
directly through the cupola opening or oculus. If you look closely at the floor,
you can see rain water drains, holes in groups of four, in the floor.
Issues in the Roman Senate
Growing Inequality and Unrest
o Aristocracy gains more power: Begins to drive small farmer into poverty
o Aristocracy buy out small farmers: 1) creating a large class of “have-nots.”
2) out of politics
o Aristocracy controlled most of the Senate
o Two Senators, the Gracchus brothers (Tiberius and Gaius), wanted to help
the landless poor
o The Plan: Ask the council of Plebs to pass laws to take back land from the
land owners. (Sound familiar?)
o The result…
o The two senators were assassinated!
Issues in the Roman Army
o Roman army used to be made up of small farmers
o Since small farmers were losing their land, generals were losing
soldiers
o Then…Generals began recruiting volunteers for the army promising
them land in return of service
o The strategy forced generals to get involved in politics to authorize
these promises
o The new system gave generals much more power which
encouraged generals to take matters into their own hands.
The Fall of the Republic
First Triumvirate
Government Leadership
Of
Three
Crassus
Pompey
Julius Caesar
Wealthiest Man
In Rome
Conquered the
Pirates and the
Mithridates
Conquered Gaul
And won Roman
Civil War
•Competition between leaders and civil war lead to the fall of the Republic
•Three Leaders Emerge
Results of the 1st Triumvirate
o Crassus- Gets killed in battle
o Pompey vs. Caesar
o Senators support Pompey
because they believe he is less
of a threat to their power.
o Caesar “crosses the Rubicon”
o Pompey- Gets overrun by
Caesar
o Caesar- Becomes dictator later
to be slain by a “loyal” senator
o Brutus
The 2nd Triumvirate
Second Triumvirate
Government
Leadership
Of
Three
Antony
Octavian
Caesar’s Ally
Caesar’s Heir
& Assistant
Leader of the West
Leader of the East
Later became
Would later Ally w/
Augustus
Cleopatra VII
Lepidus
Commander of
Caesar’s Army
The Birth of the Empire
o Lepidus- falls out of
the running
o Conflict between
Antony and Octavian
o Antony allies w/
Cleopatra; They lose
and commit suicide
o Octavian becomes
Augustus (the
revered), and the
imperator (emperor),
and the princeps (the
first citizen), and the
pontifex maximus
(head of state religion)