Notes: Cells
http://www.studiodaily.com/main/technique/tprojects/6850.html
The Cell Theory
1.
2.
3.
All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing
cells.
Cells Timeline
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•
Go to
Section:
Robert Hooke (1665):
studied cork; saw tiny, regular
shaped “boxes”; called them
cells.
Matthais Schleiden (1838)
• All plants are made of cells
Theodor Schwann (1839)
• All animals are made of cells
Rudolf Virchow (1855)
Concluded all cells come from
other cells
Cell Types
There are two categories of cells:
1. Eukaryotic –
Have a nucleus
and membrane
bound organelles
Examples include
plants, animals,
fungi, and
protists.
Cell Types
There are two categories of cells:
2. Prokaryotic – Have
no nucleus and no
membrane bound
organelles
Bacteria are an
example.
Make a Venn Diagram like shown
below:
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Two specific organelles have
made Eukaryotic cells be the
most successful….

Mitochondria

Consumes O2 to make
energy (ATP) from
sugar (food)

Chloroplast

Consumes H2O and
CO2 as it takes in
energy from the sun to
make sugar (food)
But guess what….

These two organelles (mitochondria and
chloroplast) are thought once be their own
prokaryotic cell living inside a larger host
cell…….these “prokaryotes” provided
nutrients/oxygen to the host and in turn
got a safe place to live.
ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
Since BOTH these organelles have their
OWN DNA even more support that
they…..

Chloroplast have DNA

Mitochondria have DNA
Endosymbiotic theory for
dummies…..

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQmAnmLZtE (mr. Anderson teacher
talking with pictures)
Two types of Eukaryotic cells
are:

PLANT Cells

ANIMAL Cells
Make a Venn Diagram like shown
below:
Organelles in Plant vs. Animal Cells
Animal Cells:
1. Lysosomes
2. Vacuoles are much
smaller
Plant Cells:
1. Chloroplasts
2. Cell wall
3. Vacuoles are much larger
Plant Cells
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Characteristics of Plant Cells:
1. Rectangular or square shape
2. Cell wall that is composed
mostly of cellulose
Animal Cells
Notice the circular shape of animal
cells. Not all animals cells have this
shape, but it is more common than
not.
Cell
Nucleus
membrane
Organelles

Organelles - Specialized structures in a
cell that have a specific function.
Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane - Thin, flexible barrier
around a cell; regulates what enters and
leaves the cell (selectively permeable)
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Cell Wall

Cell Wall - Strong supporting layer around
the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some
bacteria that
supports and
shapes
Made of CELLULOSE
in plants,chitin,
etc. depending
on the
organism.

Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Nucleus

Nucleus – Contains DNA (genetic
information) and instructions for the
productions of proteins and other cellular
processes

Bounded by
the nuclear
envelope
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Nuclear Envelope

Nuclear Envelope –
Layer surrounding the
nucleus of a cell covered
in nuclear pores, which
allow material to move
into and out of nucleus
Vacuoles

Vacuoles – Sac like structure that
stores water, salts, proteins, and
carbohydrates.


Plants contain large central vacuoles
Animals contain many smaller vacuoles
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Ribosomes

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Ribosomes – small
particles of rRNA;
Where proteins are
assembled

Found throughout
the cytoplasm and
on the
rough ER.
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Internal
membrane system in cells in which lipid
components of the cell membrane are
assembled and some proteins are
modified
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough ER- The portion of the ER involved
in the synthesis of proteins


Given this name
because of the
ribosomes found
on its surface.
Abundant in cells
that produce
large amounts
of protein for
export.
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth ER – Endoplasmic reticulum where
ribosomes are not found on its surface

Involved in:
1. synthesis of
lipids for cell
membranes
1. detoxification
of drugs (in
liver cells)
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus - Modify, sort, and
package proteins (from the ER) into vesicles
for storage in the cell or secretion outside
the cell.

Finishing
touches are
put on proteins
before they
are ready to
leave the
“factory.”
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Cytoskeleton

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Cytoskeleton - Internal
structure of some cells
that gives shape and is
involved in movement
Consists of
1.
2.
Microtubules- hollow
and tube like; made of
proteins called tubulins
Microfilaments- thin,
thread like; made of
protein called actin.
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts Organelles that capture
the energy from sunlight
and convert it into
chemical energy in food
(photosynthesis).


Like a solar power plant.
Contain the green
pigment chlorophyll.
Eukaryote
Plant
Mitochondria

Mitochondria - Organelles
that convert the chemical
energy stored in food
(glucose) to make energy
molecules for cells
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Lysosomes

Lysosomes – Vesicles from a Golgi that
contain digestive enzymes that
1. Digest/break down lipids, carbohydrates,
and proteins into small molecules that
can be used by the cell
2. Break down/get rid of
waste or worn out cell
parts
Eukaryote
Animal
Centrioles

Centrioles - Paired
structures located in
the cytoplasm of
animal cells near the
nucleus give rise to
the spindle during cell
division.
Eukaryote
Animal
Cytoplasm

Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Cytoplasm – The fluid matrix that
consists of water and dissolved substances
such as proteins and nutrients. (cytosol)
Cilia and Flagella

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Cilia are short,
numerous, and
hair-like
Flagella are
long, fewer,
and tail-like
Both are for
movement
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Animal
Review:
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A bacteria is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
cell?
A protist is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
cell?
A plant is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic cells. True or False
Review:

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A bacteria is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
cell?
A protist is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
cell?
A plant is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic cells. True or False
Review:




A bacteria is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
cell?
A protist is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
cell?
A plant is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic cells. True or False
Review:




A bacteria is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
cell?
A protist is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
cell?
A plant is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic cells. True or False
Review:


DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic cells. True or False
They both have DNA, except eukaryotes
have it located in a membrane bound
nucleus instead of thrown into the
cytoplasm.
What is the organelle labeled #9?
What is the organelle labeled #9?
MITOCHONDRIA
What is the organelle labeled #5?
What is the organelle labeled #5?
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
What is the organelle labeled #6?
What is the organelle labeled #6?
GOLGI APPARATUS
VACUOLE
What is the
organelle
labeled #14?
What is the
organelle
labeled #14?
CHLOROPLAST
What is the
organelle
labeled # 2?
What is the
organelle
labeled # 2?
VACUOLE