Foundations of
Structural Kinesiology
Anatomy and Kinesiology
420:024
Outline
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Introduction
Terminology
Planes and Axes
Movements
Osteology
Arthrology
Introduction
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Kinesiology
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Anatomic kinesiology
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Biomechanics
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Structural kinesiology
Outline
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Introduction
Terminology
Planes and Axes
Movements
Osteology
Arthrology
Reference positions
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Basis from which to describe joint
movements
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Anatomical position
Fundamental position
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Anatomical position
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Fundamental position
Anatomical Directional
Terminology
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Anterior
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Posterior
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Nearest the trunk or the point of origin
Lateral
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Situated away from the center or midline of the
body
Proximal
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Above in relation to another structure
Distal
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Below in relation to another structure
Superior (supra)
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In back in relation to another structure
Inferior (infra)
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In front in relation to another structure
On or to the side
Medial
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Relating to the middle or center
From Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy,
ed 6, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill
Anatomical Directional
Terminology
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Contralateral
 Pertaining or relating to the opposite side
Ipsilateral
 On the same side
Bilateral
 Relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body
structure such as the right & left extremities
Deep
 Beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or
location of muscles or tissue
Superficial
 Near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of
muscles or tissue
Prone
 the body lying face downward; stomach lying
Supine
 lying on the back; face upward position of the body
Body Regions
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Axial
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Cephalic (Head)
Cervical (Neck)
Trunk (Thoracic and Lumbar)
Appendicular
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Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Outline
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Introduction
Terminology
Planes and Axes
Osteology
Arthrology
Movements
Planes of Motion
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Plane:
Cardinal Planes of Motion
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Sagittal Plane
Frontal Plane
Transverse Plane
Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA:
Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York,
2000, McGraw-Hill
Cardinal Planes of Motion

Sagittal Plane

Movements?
Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA:
Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York,
2000, McGraw-Hill
Cardinal Planes of Motion

Frontal Plane

Movements?
Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA: Athletic
injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000,
McGraw-Hill
Cardinal Planes of Motion

Transverse Plane

Movements?
Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA:
Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York,
2000, McGraw-Hill
Diagonal Planes of Motion
Axes of Rotation
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Two basic types of movement
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For angular movement to occur in a plane, it
must turn or rotate about an axis as referred
to previously
The axes are named in relation to their
orientation
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Axes of Rotation
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Mediolateral (ML) Axis
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Also known as:
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Frontal, Lateral or Coronal Axis
Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA:
Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New
York, 2000, McGraw-Hill
Axes of Rotation
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Anteroposterior (AP) Axis
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Also known as:

Sagittal Axis
Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA:
Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York,
2000, McGraw-Hill
Axes of Rotation
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Suprainferior (SI) Axis
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Also known as:

Long or Vertical Axis
Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA:
Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York,
2000, McGraw-Hill
Axes of Rotation
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Diagonal or Oblique Axis
Outline
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Introduction
Terminology
Planes and Axes
Movements
Osteology
Arthrology
Movements
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General:
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Flexion/Extension
Abduction/Adduction
Circumduction
Internal/External Rotation
Specific:
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Ankle
Radioulnar
Shoulder girdle
Spine and pelvic girdle
GENERAL
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Flexion
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Extension
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Joints
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Plane and axis?
GENERAL
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Abduction
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Adduction
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Joints
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Plane and axis?
GENERAL
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Horizontal Abduction
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Horizontal Adduction
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Joints
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Plane and axis?
GENERAL
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Circumduction
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Joints
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Planes and axes?
GENERAL
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Internal rotation
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External rotation
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Joints
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Plane and axis?
SPECIFIC: ANKLE & FOOT
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Inversion
Eversion
SPECIFIC: ANKLE & FOOT
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Plantar flexion
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Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion)
SPECIFIC: ANKLE & FOOT
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Pronation
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Supination
SPECIFIC: RADIOULNAR JOINT
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Pronation
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Supination
SPECIFIC: SHOULDER GIRDLE
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Elevation
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Depression
SPECIFIC: SHOULDER GIRDLE
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Protraction
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Retraction
SPECIFIC: SHOULDER GIRDLE
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Rotation upward
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Rotation downward
SPECIFIC: SPINE AND PELVIS
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Lateral flexion (side bending)
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Reduction
SPECIFIC: SPINE AND PELVIS
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Anterior pelvic tilt
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Posterior pelvic tilt
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Plane and axis?
SPECIFIC: SPINE AND PELVIS
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Lateral pelvic tilt
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Plane and axis?
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Right or left?
SPECIFIC: SPINE AND PELVIS
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Transverse pelvic tilt
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Plane and axis?
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Right or left?
SPECIFIC: WRIST & HAND
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Radial flexion (radial
deviation)
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Ulnar flexion (ulnar
deviation)
SPECIFIC: WRIST & HAND
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Opposition of the thumb
Outline
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Introduction
Terminology
Planes and Axes
Movements
Osteology
Arthrology
Skeletal System
Modified from Van De Graaff
KM: Human anatomy, ed 6,
New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill
Osteology – Interesting Facts
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206 bones
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Axial skeleton:
Appendicular:
Composed of calcium carbonate, calcium
phosphate, collagen, & water
60-70% of bone weight - calcium carbonate &
calcium phosphate
25-30% of bone weight – water
~1/5th of the skeleton replaces itself in one
year in young adults
Skeletal Functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Protection of inner organs, brain, spinal cord etc.
Support to maintain posture
Movement by serving as points of attachment for
muscles and acting as levers
Mineral storage such as calcium & phosphorus
Hemopoiesis – in vertebral bodies, femur,
humerus, ribs, & sternum
 process of blood cell formation in the red bone
marrow
Types of bones
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Long bones - humerus, fibula
Short bones - carpals, tarsals
Flat bones - skull, scapula
Irregular bones - pelvis, ear ossicles
Sesamoid bones - patella
Types of Bones
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Long bones
Types of Bones
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Short bones
Types of Bones
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Flat bones
Types of Bones
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Irregular bones
Typical Bony Features
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Diaphysis
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Cortex
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Periosteum
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Endosteum
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Medullary (marrow) cavity
From Shier D, Butler J, Lewis R: Hole’s human
anatomy & physiology, ed 9, New York, 2002,
McGraw-Hill.
Typical Bony Features
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Epiphysis
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Epiphyseal plate
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Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Modified from Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, New
York, 2002, McGraw-Hill.
Bone Growth
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Grow rapidly into structures shaped similar to the
bones which they will eventually become
Growth continues and gradually undergoes
significant change to develop into long bone
Longitudinal growth continues as long as
epiphyseal plates are open
Shortly after adolescence, plates disappear &
close
Most close by age 18, but some may be present
until 25
Growth in diameter continues throughout life
From Seeley RR, Stephens TD, Tate P: Anatomy & physiology, ed 7, New York, 2006, McGraw-Hill.
Bone Properties
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Bone size & shape are influenced by the
direction & magnitude of forces that are
habitually applied to them
Bones reshape themselves based upon the
stresses placed upon them (remodeling)
Bone mass increases over time with
increased stress
Bone Markings
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Processes (including elevations &
projections)
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Processes that form joints
 Condyle:
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Facet:
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Head:
Bone Markings
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Processes (elevations & projections)
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Processes to which ligaments, muscles or tendons attach
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Crest:
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Epicondyle:
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Line:
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Process:
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Spine (spinous process):
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Suture:
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Trochanter:
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Tubercle:
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Tuberosity:
Bone Markings
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Cavities (depressions) - including opening &
grooves
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Foramen:
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Fossa:
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Sulcus (groove):
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Notch:
Outline
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Introduction
Terminology
Planes and Axes
Movements
Osteology
Arthrology
Classification of Joints
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Articulation - connection of bones at a joint
usually to allow movement between surfaces
of bones
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3 major classifications according to structure
& movement characteristics
Classification of Joints
Structural classification
Synarthrodial
Amphiarthrodial
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial
Gomphosis
Suture
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Syndesmosis
Symphysis
Synchondrosis
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Arthrodial
Ginglymus
Trochoidal
Condyloidal
Sellar
Enarthrodial
Functional
classification
Diarthrodial
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Synarthrodial
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Immovable joints
Suture:

Gomphosis

Modified from Booher JM, Thibedeau GA: Athletic injury
assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill.
Classification of Joints
Structural classification
Synarthrodial
Amphiarthrodial
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial
Gomphosis
Suture
-----
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Syndesmosis
Symphysis
Synchondrosis
-----
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Arthrodial
Ginglymus
Trochoidal
Condyloidal
Sellar
Enarthrodial
Functional
classification
Diarthrodial
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Amphiarthrodial
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Slightly movable joints
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Allow a slight amount of motion to occur
Amphiarthrodial
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Syndesmosis
Modified from Booher JM, Thibedeau GA: Athletic injury
assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill.
Amphiarthrodial

Synchondrosis
Modified from Booher JM, Thibedeau GA: Athletic injury
assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill.
Amphiarthrodial

Symphysis
Modified from Booher JM, Thibedeau GA: Athletic injury
assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill.
Classification of Joints
Structural classification
Synarthrodial
Amphiarthrodial
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial
Gomphosis
Suture
-----
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Syndesmosis
Symphysis
Synchondrosis
-----
Functional
classification
Diarthrodial
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Arthrodial
Ginglymus
Trochoidal
Condyloidal
Sellar
Enarthrodial
Diarthrodial Joints
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Known as synovial joints
Freely movable
Composed of sleevelike joint capsule
Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity
Capsule thickenings form tough, nonelastic
ligaments that provide additional support against
abnormal movement or joint opening
Ligaments may also be located inside the joint
Diarthrodial Joints
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Articular or hyaline cartilage covers the articular
surface ends of the bones inside the joint cavity
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Cartilage slowly absorbs synovial fluid during joint
unloading or distraction

Secretes synovial fluid during subsequent weight
bearing & compression

Some diarthrodial joints have specialized
fibrocartilage disks (menisci)
From Seeley RR, Stephens TD, Tate P: Anatomy & physiology, ed 7, New York,
2006, McGraw-Hill.
Diarthrodial Joints
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Diarthrodial joints have motion possible in
one or more planes

Degrees of freedom
Diarthrodial Joints
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Six types
Each has a different type of bony arrangement
between articulating surfaces
Structure dictates function
Structural classification
Synarthrodial
Amphiarthrodial
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial
Gomphosis
Suture
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Syndesmosis
Symphysis
Synchondrosis
-----
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Arthrodial
Ginglymus
Trochoidal
Condyloidal
Sellar
Enarthrodial
Functional
classification
Diarthrodial
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Diarthrodial Joints
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Arthrodial (Gliding) joints
Diarthrodial Joints
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Arthrodial (Gliding) joints
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Ex:

Movements:

Planes and axis?
Modified from Booher JM, Thibedeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed
4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill.
Diarthrodial Joints

Ginglymus (Hinge) joint

Ex:

Uniaxial articulation

Movements:

Plane and axis?
Modified from Booher JM, Thibedeau GA: Athletic injury
assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill.
Diarthrodial Joints

Trochoid (Pivot) joint

Ex:

Uniaxial articulation

Movements:

Plane and axis?
Modified from Booher JM, Thibedeau GA: Athletic injury
assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill.
Diarthrodial Joints
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Condyloid (Biaxial Ball and
Scoket Joint)

Ex:

Biaxial articulation

Movements:

Planes and axes?
Modified from Booher JM, Thibedeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4,
New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill.
Diarthrodial Joints

Sellar (Saddle) Joint

Ex:

Biaxial articulation

Movements:

Planes and axes?
Modified from Booher JM, Thibedeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed
4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill.
Diarthrodial Joints

Enarthrodial (Multiaxial Ball and
Socket Joint)

Ex:

Triaxial articulation

Movements:

Planes and axes?
Modified from Booher JM, Thibedeau GA: Athletic injury
assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill.
Classification of Joints
Structural classification
Synarthrodial
Amphiarthrodial
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial
Gomphosis
Suture
-----
-----
Syndesmosis
Symphysis
Synchondrosis
-----
-----
Arthrodial
Ginglymus
Trochoidal
Condyloidal
Sellar
Enarthrodial
Functional
classification
Diarthrodial
-----