Economic Growth and
Westward Expansion
Unit 4
SSUSH7 Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional
and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different
responses to it.
a. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli Whitney’s invention of
the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets.
b. Describe the westward growth of the United States; include the emerging concept of
Manifest Destiny.
c. Describe reform movements, specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public school.
d. Explain women’s efforts to gain suffrage; include Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the
Seneca Falls Conference.
e. Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of popular political
culture, and the development of American nationalism.
SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing northsouth divisions and westward expansion.
a. Explain how slavery became a significant issue in American politics; include the slave
rebellion of Nat Turner and the rise of abolitionism (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick
Douglass, and the Grimke sisters).
b. Explain the Missouri Compromise and the issue of slavery in western states and
territories.
c. Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states’ rights ideology; include
the role of John C. Calhoun and development of sectionalism.
d. Describe the war with Mexico and the Wilmot Proviso.
e. Explain how the Compromise of 1850 arose out of territorial expansion and
population growth.
Industrialization and the Industrial
Revolution
► During
the late eighteenth and early nineteenth
centuries, the western world experienced the
Industrial Revolution.
► Industrialization: the transitioning from manual to
power-driven factory labor.
► This was a time when advances in technology led
to massive economic changes.
► Before this, national economies relied on artisans,
merchants, and farmers.
► The industrial revolution had begun in Europe and
spread to the United States.
Eli Whitney and Interchangeable
Parts
►
►
►
►
Eli Whitney invented the cotton
gin, which allowed people to
process cotton much faster.
In the South this causes cotton
farms to expand rapidly, gaining
the name “cotton kingdom”.
This also led to a dependency
on slave labor.
Whitney also developed the idea
of interchangeable parts while
building muskets.
Each part of the musket was
made so detailed that it could
be used on any musket. This
led many industries to do the
same.
Effects of Industrial Revolution
► Factories
relied on mechanization (the use of
machinery).
► Manual labor is going to be replaced, allowing for
mass production of resources and goods.
► Many new inventions also developed out of this
time period.
► Samuel Slater: Use only machines in factories.
► Robert Fulton: Steam Powered Boat.
► Samuel Morse: Telegraph
► John Deere:
Steel Plow
► Cyrus McCormick: Reaper
Effects Cont.
►
►
►
►
►
►
Another effect from the Industrial Revolution was
Sectionalism.
Sectionalism: refers to the economic, social, cultural, and
political differences that exist between different parts of
the country.
In the North, business rely on factories and cheap
immigrant labor(Irish Immigrants).
In the South the begin to rely on the plantation system and
slavery.
This leads to bitter disputes because of the strains placed
on the nation.
The industrial revolution helped set the nation on a course
of westward expansion and civil war.
Samuel Slater
1793 - Samuel
Slater opened a
textile mill in
Pawtucket Rhode
Island
power)- Start
of the Industrial
Revolution in
America
- Factories
were built along
rivers and streams
(water
Industrial Revolution
►
Steam Power - factories began
using steam engines
- Robert Fulton - built the 1st
steamboat
(Clermont)
Railroads provided transportation
where water travel was impossible
- 1830s – Inventors began building
steam locomotives
- 1850 - railroads began passing
canals as the main form of
transportation
Impact on Communication
► 1837-
Samuel F. B.
Morse developed
electromagnetic
telegraph:
- Messages tapped in
code & carried by
copper wire
- Businesses &
railroads transmitted
information
Midwest Farming
► Cyrus
McCormick
invented mechanical
reaper
- Enabled 1 farmer to
the work of 5
► Farmers shifted from
subsistence farming to
growing cash crops
Midwest Farming
► John
Deere invented
steel plow that took
less power to pull
- Farmers replaced
oxen with horses
Two Economic Systems Develop
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
Farmers put all their efforts into
growing cotton due to its value
(1830 Cotton made up 50% of
the U.S. exports)
Poor non-slave holding farmers
went west to cultivate cotton
Plantation system established in
Louisiana, Mississippi
Cotton was hugely profitable;
By 1820s - demand for slaves
increased
Increase in cotton production
paralleled increase in slave
population
Slavery became entrenched
Westward Growth and
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny
► Manifest
Destiny is the concept that
America’s westward expansion was
providential, or from a divine inspiration.
► Manifest destiny and the belief that
European settlers had the right to own
whatever land they claimed, would erode
Native American cultures east and west of
the Mississippi River.
Annexation of Texas
► In
1821 Mexico gained independence, as well as
Texas.
► The only problem was that US settlers had moved
into Texas.
► In 1834 General Santa Anna assumed power and
tightened Mexico’s grip on Texas.
► Texans under the leadership of Sam Houston rebel
against Santa Anna, and on March 2, 1836 they
declared independence from Mexico.
► Santa Anna answered with military force.
The Alamo
On March 6, 1836, a small
group of Texans took a
stand against Santa Anna
at an old mission(church)
called The Alamo.
► Despite their resistance
Santa Anna’s forces were
to strong.
► Every Texan was killed
during the resistance, or
executed after.
► Davie Crockett of
Tennessee was one.
►
Result of Texas Annexation
►
►
►
►
►
After a series of battles, Texans eventually defeated Santa
Anna and took him hostage.
The Mexican leader promised to recognize Texas
independence in return for his freedom.
President Andrew Jackson wanted to admit Texas, but had
opposition in the North.
Northerners feared the state would become a slave state in
the south. They also feared it would be divided into
several small states, all being slave states.
Texas would remain independent until 1845 when it was
admitted by James K. Polk.
Oregon Territory
► With
Texas taken care of, James K. Polk
turned his attention to Oregon.
► In 1827 Great Britain had reaffirmed their
agreement to occupy this territory jointly.
► With many moving into Oregon, Polk
claimed the US had rights up to the
54^40^N.
► This led many to promote the slogan
“54,40, or fight!”.
The Oregon Trail
►
►
People traveled along the Oregon Trail - trail from
Independence, MO to Portland, OR
- Started at Independence, Missouri crossed the Platte
River and continued through the South Past into modernday northeast Utah
- Pioneers used Conestoga wagons & pushed handcarts
(trip took months)
Trail Split in Utah
- Branch of the trail went across desert to California
- Oregon Trail continued northwest to the Colombia River
Result of Oregon Territory
►
►
►
►
Great Britain was irritated
with Polk’s stance.
Britain had also gotten
what they needed from
the territory, and felt trade
was more important.
A treaty would be signed
drawing the official
boundary at the 49th
parallel.
In 1846 Oregon became a
US territory.
Gadsden Purchase
►
►
►
►
►
Mexico was angry with the US for annexing Texas.
President Polk still believed in Manifest Destiny, so he
sends General Zachary Taylor to the Texas border.
Polk also sends John Slidell to Mexico to settle disputes
over the border between Mexico and US, and the purchase
of California and New Mexico.
The Mexican president refused to meet with Slidell, so Polk
sent Taylor into the disputed territory between the Nueces
and Rio Grande rivers.
Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande in response, and
Polk immediately asked congress to declare war on Mexico.
Gadsden Cont.
►
►
►
►
►
On February 2, 1848 the war
officially was ended with the Treaty
of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
This required Mexico to surrender
the New Mexico and California
territories to the United States in
exchange for financial
compensation.
In 1853 a dispute still remained
over the border so President
Franklin Pierce sent James Gadsden
to negotiate land for the Southern
Transcontinental Railroad.
The United States gained parts of
present-day New Mexico and
Arizona in exchange for $10 Million.
This completed the vision many had
for westward expansion and
Manifest Destiny.
California
►
►
►
►
►
►
In 1848, settlers discovered gold in California.
The following year, gold seekers from all over the world
came to be known as 49ers.
This led to the Gold Rush of 1849.
This led to a need for a stable government in California.
When congress didn’t make a decision on how to admit the
state (free or slave), California adopted it’s own
constitution.
Finally with the Compromise of 1850, Congress admitted
California as a free state on September 9, 1850.
Indian Removal Act
► In
1830, Congress passed the Indian
Removal Act.
► With this the federal government also
established the Indian Territory (Oklahoma),
planned for the removal of Native
Americans living east of the Mississippi, and
set aside funds for: housing, supplies, and
farming tools.
The Cherokee Fight Back
►
►
►
►
►
Worcester v. Georgia—state cannot rule Cherokee or
invade their land
President Jackson ignored ruling
- “John Marshall made his decision now let him enforce it”
- Only time in U.S. history that President openly defied a
Supreme Court ruling
Some Cherokee tried to continue court fight
Minority favor relocation
- Federal agents sign treaty with minority; relocation began
By 1838, 20,000 remained
Trail of Tears
By 1837 Andrew Jackson
had orchestrated the
forced relocation of some
45,000 Native Americans
to the west of the
Mississippi.
► Thousands of Cherokee
Indians died along the way
in a journey that became
known as the Trail of
Tears.
► This relocation opened up
lands in Georgia and
Alabama for white settlers.
►
Homestead Act
► In
1862 President Abraham Lincoln signed the
Homestead Act.
► This opened about 270 million acres west of the
Mississippi River for unprecedented settlement by
offering 160 acres of land to anyone willing to
farm it for five years, or purchase it for $1.25 per
acre after six months.
► In 1976, the US ended the Homestead Act in the
entire nation, except Alaska. It stayed in effect
until 1986.
Reform Movements in
the United States
Temperance, Abolition, and
Education
Temperance Movement
► People
in the United States began to look to the
government for guidance.
► One area they looked to was temperance, or the
belief that people should limit or eliminate the use
of alcoholic beverages.
► This idea was especially popular with women.
They felt that excessive use of alcohol was partly
the blame for family violence, crime, and poverty.
► Many states pass laws that ban alcohol, but the
United states doesn’t do so until 1919 with the
Volstead Act and 18th Amendment.
Abolition Movement
► Slavery
had been an issue since the creation of
the United States.
► It caused division, especially between the
Northern and Southern states.
► George Washington and Marquis de Lafayette had
debated this topic during Washington’s presidency.
Lafayette questioned how a man of Washington’s
integrity could yet own slaves.
► The Second Great Awakening occurred in the
1820’s and helped spark an abolitionist movement.
Abolition Cont.
►
►
►
►
►
►
In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison
began to publish the Liberator, a
pro-abolition newspaper.
More abolition papers would be
sent out throughout the North.
The American Anti-Slavery Society
denounced slavery as a sin and was
instrumental in the movement to
abolish slavery.
Speakers such as Frederick
Douglass, Wendell Philips, and Lucy
Stone helped further the case of the
North.
Abolitionist also helped those
enslaved escape to the North.
Slavery would be abolished after
the Civil War with the 13th
Amendment.
Public Schools
►
►
►
►
►
Horace Mann was a 19th century
reformer who believed in
temperance, abolition, women’s
rights, and the reform of mental
institutions.
He wanted to focus however on
public school education.
Mann created public schools
that were state funded and
mandatory.
He felt that too much local
control of the schools meant
unsatisfactory education,
especially in rural areas.
Horace Mann also helped
establish the first state-run
teacher training program.
Women’s Rights
Movements
Women’s Rights
►
►
►
►
►
►
Until 1920, most women in the United States did not have
suffrage (the right to vote).
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized a large
assembly in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.
Stanton and Mott were inspired to organize when Mott was
denied a seat at an antislavery meeting in London.
Over 200 people attended the confrence, including
Frederick Douglass.
The voted on and approved the Declaration of Sentiments,
calling for equal rights in education, property rights, and
voting.
Susan B. Anthony was also a supporter of both
Temperance and Women’s Suffrage.
Public Roles For Women
A Women’s Rights Movement
► In
1840, many American abolitionists
attended the first World Anti-Slavery
Convention in London
► Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
both attended the convention and resented
their exclusion from it
 Eight years later, the women organized a
convention on women’s rights.
Turning Point: Seneca Falls
Convention
► The
Seneca Falls Convention was the first
women’s rights convention in the United States
History.
► Stanton wrote and presented a historic set of
resolutions called a Declaration of Sentiments
► The Convention passed 12 resolutions - The most
controversial - - WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE
 Signed by 68 women and 32 men
 They protested the lack of legal and political rights for
women.
 It also urged women to demand these rights
Jacksonian Democracy
Expanding Suffrage, Popular
Political Culture, American
Nationalism
Andrew Jackson
► Jackson
was born into a poor, uneducated family.
He worked his way up achieving success.
► Jackson was also a hero during the War of 1812 at
the Battle of New Orleans.
► During his political career Jackson was seen as a
supporter for the “common man”.
► Jackson was also very popular with wester frontier
settlers.
► Jackson decided to use his popularity to run for
President in 1824.
A “Corrupt Bargain”
►
►
►
►
The election of 1824 proved the
sectional differences in the
United States.
The presidential election was
divided up among candidates
from the North (John Q.
Adams), the South (William
Crawford), and the West
(Andrew Jackson and Henry
Clay).
The final election came down
between John Q. Adams and
Andrew Jackson.
The vote went to the House of
Representatives were Henry
Clay used his vote to elect
Adams.
►
►
►
Jackson along with his followers
soon protested, however, when
it was learned that Clay would
soon be named Secretary of
State.
Jackson denounced this and
called it a “corrupt bargain”
made to give Adams the
presidency.
Four years later Jackson would
be elected President, and he
would change the structure of
politics in the United States.
Members of Corrupt Bargain
versus
Andrew Jackson
John Q. Adams
Jackson’s Presidency
► Jackson’s
politics lead to a new brand of politics
called Jacksonian Democracy.
► He believed strongly in western expansion and the
rights of white frontier settlers.
► Jackson hated the fact that eastern elites and
politicians who favored the wealthy, passed laws
to help the wealthy over small land owners.
► Jackson favored Universal Suffrage: he believed
that all white men should be free to vote, not just
those who owned land.
Jackson Presidency Cont.
►
►
►
►
►
With Jackson’s support many
states begin to drop the
property requirement for vote,
opening voting to many in the
Untied States.
This also allows “common men”
like Jackson to win public office.
Jackson did not offer to extend
to right to vote to women,
blacks, or Native Americans.
Jackson also expanded the
power of the President while in
office.
He defied the Supreme Court by
removing the Cherokee from
their lands in Georgia
(Worchester v. Georgia).
►
►
►
►
When south Carolina threatened
to secede over tariffs and states
rights, Jackson passed the Force
Bill (allowed Jackson to use the
military to enforce laws)
Jackson felt the president
should have ore power and say
than congress.
Jackson was a strict interpreter
of the constitution and felt the
federal government should be
restricted to those powers only
given to them.
Jackson used his power to close
the second national bank.
Spoils System
► Once
in office Jackson instituted a policy of
rewarding his political supporters with government
positions.
► This policy became known as the spoils system.
► This set precedent for rewarding faithful
supporters with government jobs.
► Jackson felt that this was a great way to
encourage common people to become politically
involved and ensure the wealthy did not dominate
government.
The Two-Party System
► Differences
between politicians would eventually
lead to the development of different political
parties.
► Jackson took on the name Democrat, while his
opponents took on the name “National
Republicans”.
► Many of the National Republicans would later form
the Whig Party (Opposed King George during the
Revolution).
► After the era of good feelings, the two-party
system returned with a vengeance.
Effect of Two-Party System
► With
the end of Jackson’s term and the election of
1836, modern politics began to take form.
► Martin Van Buren’s presidential campaign gave
birth to the common expression “O.K.”, which
stood for Old Kinderhook.
► Enemies in the Whig party said it stood for the
Democrat way of approving government
documents with the initials “O.K.”, meaning “oll
korrect”. This was Jackson’s way of spelling all
correct.
► You begin to see candidate bashing and slander
used in political campaigns.
Creating a National Identity
► After
the War of 1812, America has a new sense
of National Identity.
► We have stood up to the British twice, and we are
becoming a major economic power.
► With the Monroe Doctrine, we have announced
our views on foreign policy in the West.
► America will soon become a world power in
foreign policy. Many countries will turn to the
United States for input on decisions.
Rise of Nationalism
►
►
►
►
►
People began to take pride in
America
Belief that Americans were unique
and did not have to follow the lead
of other countries
1806 – Noah Webster published a
dictionary
- Helped create an American
version of the English language
1816 – Republican James Monroe
became president
- “Began “Era of good Feelings”
Federalist Party dissolved as a
result of its poor showing
Changes in Education
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
Workers wanted to educate their children
Americans had long valued education
- Believed it was necessary for democracy
- Few Children were able to obtain an education
1830s – Americans demanded change
1834 - Pennsylvania established tax-supported public school system
Massachusetts established a state board of education
Horace Mann called for free public education (great equalizer)
- Established teacher training, curriculum reforms
1850 – Many northern states had elementary schools paid for by public
taxes
- More young people gained the chance to attend high school and
college
Slavery and the rise of
Abolitionism
Nat Turner, William Lloyd
Garrison, Fredrick Douglas, and
Grimke Sisters
Abolitionists Speak Out
► Many
Americans began feeling that slavery was
wrong
► - Believed it went against Christianity and the
principles the nation was founded upon on
► Abolitionist – Group of reformers who wanted to
abolish slavery
- 1820s - over 100 antislavery societies advocated
resettlement in Africa
- Most free blacks considered themselves
American only a few emigrated
Abolitionists Speak Out
►
►
Whites joined blacks
calling for abolitionoutlawing of slavery
William Lloyd Garrison
– Started his own paper to
urge the abolition of
slavery (The Liberator)
- The Liberator called for
immediate emancipation—
freeing of slaves
Abolitionists Speak Out
►
Fredrick Douglass –
Former slave who escaped
to Massachusetts
- Lectured about his
experience as a slave
- started newspaper
North Star
►
►
- Later served as a U.S.
representative to Haiti
Abolitionist movement was
strongest in the North
GRIMKE SISTERS - - -
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
►
►
►
►
►
►
1831 -Nat Turner was a slave who led a rebellion in Virginia
They attacked several plantations and killed about 60 whites
Turner was tried and hung
Followers and innocent slaves were captured; 200 killed in retaliation
Rebellion caused state legislatures to pass harsh laws
- Slaves were required to have a pass to run errands
- Whites were forbidden to teach slaves to read or write
- Slaves were prevented from holding religious meetings
Rebellion ended any hope that the south would end slavery
- Virginia legislature had thought of ending slavery before the rebellion
Missouri Compromise of 1820
When territory’s population reaches 60,000 may apply for
statehood
► Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state
- Would tilt the balance of power in Congress
► - Slave and free states each had 11
► James Tallmadge of New York proposed that slavery be
banned in Missouri
► Angered Southerners
- Asked if Constitution gave Congress the power to ban
slavery
► Maine declared itself ready fro statehood while the
Missouri debate went on
►
Missouri Compromise of
1820
►
Speaker of the House
Henry Clay suggested a
compromise
- Missouri admitted as
slave state
- Maine admitted as a
free state
- Banned slavery from the
Louisiana Territory north
of the parallel 36 30
(Missouri’s southern
border)
South Carolina’s Threat
► Congress
agreed to lower the tariff after Andrew
Jackson suggested it
► South Carolina felt the tariff was still too high
- It voted to nullify the law
- Said it would secede from the Union if the
Federal Government tried to enforce it
- Said that since it had chosen to join the Union it
could choose to leave the Union
►
South Carolina’s Threat
South Carolina’s actions angered Andrew Jackson
- “ To say that any state may at pleasure secede from the
Union is to say that the
United States is not a nation” Jackson threatened in
INVADE South Carolina and HANG Calhoun.
► Congress passed Force Bill- Gave Federal government
power to use army & navy against S. Carolina
- Jackson prepared to send Federal troops to South
Carolina
- South Carolina readied its troops
► Henry Clay proposed a compromise
- Tariffs would be lowered over a ten-year period
- South Carolina stayed in the Union
Increased tensions between North and South
►
ABOLITIONISTS HAD NUMEROUS MEETINGS AND “ANTI-SLAVERY FAIRS”
61
Differences by mid 1800’s
►
North
- More industries
- Larger cities
- Better Transportation and
communication
(Railroads
& telegraph)
- More wealth
- Immigrants became industrial
workers & feared expansion of
slavery
- Larger population (gave north
control of House of
Representatives)
►
South
- Remained rural (Plantations &
Small farms)
- Economy relied on cash crops
(Cotton)
- manufactured under 10% of
U.S. goods
- Few immigrants (enslaved
African Americans met labor
needs0
- In 3 states, Blacks were
majority in 3 states & half in 2
others
- Whites fear restriction of
slavery would change society &
economy
Mexican War Impact
► Debate
over whether new states should be
free or slave
► Wilmot Proviso - Proposed by
Pennsylvanian Democrat David Wilmot in
1846 as an amendment to a military
appropriations bill
► Stated that no slavery would be allowed in
territory acquired from Mexico
Mexican War Impact Wilmot
Proviso
►
North supported it
- Were afraid slave would
mean no jobs for free
workers
- Northerners wanted all of
the land obtained from
Mexico to be free states
►
South opposed it
- Argued that slaves were
property under
Constitution & feared more
free states
-South worried it would
lose control of the
government
- Needed the free and
slave states to be equal
COMPROMISE OF 1850
THE U.S. GAINED NEW
TERRITORY AFTER THE WAR
WITH MEXICO WHICH
REIGNITED THE BATTLE OVER
THE NUMBER OF SLAVE AND
FREE STATES. CALIFORNIA WAS
ALLOWED TO ENTER INTO THE
UNION AS A FREE STATE WHICH
UPSET THE BALANCE OF FREE
AND SLAVE STATES SINCE THERE
HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN AN
EQUAL NUMBER OF BOTH.
IN EXCHANGE THE SOUTH GOT
THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT WHICH
REQUIRED RUNAWAY SLAVES TO
BE RETURNED TO THEIR
MASTERS IN THE SOUTH.
CALHOUN
WEBSTER
SCOTT
CLAY
FILLMORE
DRAWING OF THE MAJOR FIGURES INVOLVED WITH THE
COMPROMISE OF 1850. THIS EVENT DEMONSTRATED HOW
CLOSE THE UNION WAS TO SEPARATION.
65
Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay presented the
plan
► California entered the
Union as free state
► Rest of the Mexican
Cession was divided into
the territories of Utah and
New Mexico
- Popular sovereignty
policy – people in
territories would decide
for themselves
► Slave trade was abolished
in Washington D.C. but
slavery permitted.
►
Compromise of 1850
►
►
Fugitive Slave Law passed –
people in free states had to help
catch and return runaway slave
- Alleged fugitives denied jury
trial, right to testify on own
behalf
- Federal commissioners paid
more for returning than freeing
accused
- People convicted of helping a
fugitive were fined, imprisoned,
or both
Neither the north or south liked
the compromise